Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Sweeney CR, Rossier Y, Ziemer EL, Lindborg SR.Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on 16 horses to determine whether it caused local or diffuse inflammation in the lungs. In 7 horses, BAL was performed in both lungs twice, 48 hours apart. Although total cell counts of the BAL samples did not change significantly, there were increased numbers and percentage of neutrophils in the second lavage fluid samples. In 5 horses, BAL was performed in 1 lung and repeated 48 hours later in the same lung and in the corresponding airway in the contralateral lung. The absolute cell count and percentage of neutrophils were significantly (P = < 0....
Younis AI, Sehgal PK, Biggers JD.A single s.c. injection of 1000 IU of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) stimulates the growth of multiple antral follicles in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The number of cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEO) from six non-stimulated controls was 36 (mean = 6). In contrast, a total of 95 CEO (mean = 31.7) were recovered from three animals stimulated and ovariectomized 3 days later, while 385 CEO (mean = 128.3) were obtained from three animals stimulated and ovariectomized 4 days later. A comparison of the effects of highly purified human follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human lu...
Mazet I, Pendland J, Boucias D.In this study, the phagocytic ability of Spodoptera exigua hemocytes was compared to horse neutrophils. In vitro assays showed that the insect granulocytes and horse neutrophils actively phagocytose FITC-labeled Paecilomyces farinosus blastospores opsonized with S. exigua hemolymph lectin or horse serum, respectively. Killing of fungal cells by the neutrophils and hemocytes was analyzed under in vitro conditions. Neutrophils reduced the growth of P. farinosus up to 65% whereas no fungicidal activity was observed with hemocyte monolayers. The production of oxygen metabolites by both phagocytic ...
Smale K, Anderson LS, Butler PJ.An algorithm to describe the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) of the Thoroughbred horse was derived from raw oxygen equilibrium curve data obtained under standard conditions of temperature, pH and PCO2 (Smale and Butler, 1994). This algorithm was derived by a curve-fitting procedure based on the algorithm for human blood produced by Kelman (1966). The temperature, fixed acid and net CO2 coefficients were then incorporated in the algorithm to enable the accurate calculation of % saturation from any combination of PO2, temperature, pH and PCO2. The algorithm was checked using blood gas data obtain...
Kamerling SG, Owens JG.The actions of most drugs are dependent upon achieving adequate plasma concentrations. Plasma concentrations are influenced by the degree to which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted. Pharmacokinetic assessment reflects changes in these variables as a function of time. Pharmacodynamics refers to specific drug effects or mechanisms of drug action. Individual drug pharmacokinetics provides information on which to base a therapeutic dose, route of administration and dosing interval. However, not all drug actions temporally correlate with plasma kinetics. To resolve this disc...
Brinsko SP, Ball BA, Miller PG, Thomas PG, Ellington JE.This study was designed to investigate the development of day 2 embryos obtained from young and aged mares, co-cultured with oviductal epithelial cells obtained from mares in each age group in a 2 x 2 crossover design. Young, fertile mares (n = 19; 2-7 years of age) and aged, subfertile, mares (n = 16; 17-24 years of age) were used as embryo and oviductal epithelial cell donors. Embryos (n = 37) were collected from the oviducts 2 days after ovulation and were paired (embryos obtained from young mares with embryos obtained from aged mares) so that eight pairs were co-cultured with young mare ov...
Sonea IM, Bowker RM, Robinson NE, Holland RE.The lungs of neonatal foals contain many nerves immunoreactive for substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. These nerves are closely associated with the epithelium, bronchial and pulmonary vessels and the airway smooth muscle of all intrathoracic airways, including non-cartilaginous bronchioles. Activation of sensory nerves in the respiratory epithelium could thus potentially affect, via local axon reflexes, vascular and respiratory smooth muscle in neonatal equine airways. Nerves immunoreactive for these peptides are much more widely distributed within the lung than in adult horses; t...
Manohar M.Previous studies of pulmonary vascular pressures have utilised gradual incremental step exercise protocols, but in competitive racing at the track, horses perform rapid acceleration high-intensity exercise. The rate of rise in pulmonary vascular pressures under conditions of quick onset high-intensity exercise is unknown. Catheter mounted manometers, whose in vivo signals were matched with pressure signals obtained via transducers connected to fluid-filled lumens from same cardiovascular sites, were used to compare right heart and pulmonary vascular pressures in 8 healthy Thoroughbreds perform...
Rainger JE, Evans DL, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ.The influence of training on blood lactate concentrations during treadmill exercise and a 40-minute inactive recovery period was examined in seven trained and seven detrained thoroughbred horses. Lactate concentrations were measured in venous blood collected at the end of each exercise state, and at intervals for 40 minutes afterwards. Measurements were made of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max, ml kg-1 min-1), VLA4 (velocity at which blood lactate concentration was 4 mmol litre-1); LA8 (lactate concentration [mmol litre-1] during exercise at 8 m sec-1), peak lactate (highest lactate concentration...
Ferrante PL, Kronfeld DS.Collection of a satisfactory blood sample requires special procedures to prevent changes in glucose and lactate content after the sample has been obtained. Changes in measured plasma glucose and blood lactate concentrations attributable to anticoagulants and storage procedures, respectively, were examined in blood samples obtained from horses at rest and after exercise. To evaluate the effect of anticoagulants on measured plasma glucose concentration, blood was preserved with either sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate or lithium heparin. Measured plasma glucose concentration in blood obtained at...
Schirmer EC, Farooqui J, Polak PE, Szuchet S.Cell-substratum adhesion plays a crucial part in the cascade of events that control growth or turn on and consummate a differentiation program. We are investigating the molecular basis of oligodendrocyte (OLG) cytodifferentiation, employing pure cultures of OLGs isolated from postmyelination brains. We have shown that such OLGs will regenerate in vitro and reenact the ontogenic development of myelin, but to do so they need a signal. Adherence to a polylysine surface in the presence of 20% horse serum generates such a signal. Among the events that are turned on upon OLG adhesion is the phosphor...
Strizki JM, Repik PM.We have re-evaluated the relationships among the polypeptides of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses using SDS-PAGE and peptide mapping of individual virion proteins. Four to five distinct polypeptide bands were detected upon SDS-PAGE analysis of viruses: the E1, E2 and C proteins normally associated with alphavirus virions, as well as an additional more rapidly-migrating E2-associated protein and a high M(r) (HMW) protein. In contrast with previous findings by others, the electrophoretic profiles of the virion proteins of EEE viruses displayed a marked correlation with serotype. The pro...
Palmer JL, Bertone AL.The use of extremely small dosages of intra-articular E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin can create a model of synovitis that mimics acute synovitis in horses. Dosages of 5000 ng, 25 ng, 0.5 ng, 0.25 ng, 0.17 ng and 0.125 ng per joint were injected into various joints of a total of 6 horses. The dose response of LPS on clinical signs and synovial fluid parameters was evaluated at baseline and 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after LPS injection. Peripheral venous blood analysis was performed at baseline and at 0, 4, and 12 h after LPS injection. Dosages greater than 0.5 ng/joint resulted in clinica...
Müller W, Firsching R.The Magneson and Titan yellow tests were used to detect Mg in amyloid deposits in primary and secondary amyloidosis, in a pituitary tumour and in a case of equine cutaneous amyloidosis. Especially vascular amyloid deposits turned out to contain high levels of Mg. The significance of these findings remains unclear at present. Competition between Mg and Ca, the relationship between Mg in elastic fibres and amyloid P-component, and the high water content of amyloid along with the interaction of Mg with water are discussed.
Brown CC, Meyer RF, Grubman MJ.In a retrospective study, a negative-sense digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe, corresponding to the gene encoding nonstructural protein-1 of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) serotype 4, was applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue taken from horses in the terminal stages of infection with AHSV. Fifteen infected ponies and one noninfected control were studied. Ponies exhibited a range of clinical signs and lesions. Thirteen ponies were infected with serotype 4, one with serotype 1, and one with serotype 2. Ponies were monitored clinically and euthanatized when severely clinically ill. ...
Ramsey DT, Whiteley HE, Gerding PA, Valdez RA.An 11-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was evaluated because of a persistent, raised band of 1- to 2-mm subepithelial plaques of the left cornea. Cytologic examination of corneal scrapings revealed numerous eosinophils and segmented neutrophils, with few mast cells, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. Bacteriologic culture yielded sparse growth of alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp. Histologically, the plaques consisted of subepithelial foci of fragmented and degenerated collagen fibers infiltrated by eosinophils and neutrophils, with few lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. ...
Taddei N, Buck M, Broadhurst RW, Stefani M, Ramponi G, Dobson CM.The stability and equilibrium unfolding behaviour of horse muscle acylphosphatase have been studied by denaturing the protein under various conditions of temperature, pH, and urea concentration. Far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy indicate that this small monomeric protein unfolds reversibly and cooperatively. Thermodynamic parameters, the Gibbs free energy delta G and enthalpy delta H of unfolding, have been estimated for denaturation of the protein from NMR and CD data as 19 kJ mol-1 and 350 kJ mol-1, respectively. CD and 1H-NMR results s...
Becker CK, Savelberg HH, Barneveld A.The material properties of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (AL) of 21 forelimbs from horses between ages one day and 15 years were determined. The force (634-11416 N), failure stress (45-138 N/mm2), failure strain (7-24%) and tangent modulus (33-1639 MPa) are presented in relation to age. Tangent modulus did not indicate changes in elasticity due to age. The results demonstrate that complete ligament failures (CLF) of ALs of older horses (mean 7835 N) occur at lower forces than ALs of young adult horses (mean 8894 N). Sudden decreases, 'dips', in the force-time curves ...
Kydd JH, Smith KC, Hannant D, Livesay GJ, Mumford JA.Twelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed intranasally to EHV-1, strain Ab4 (TCID50 10(-6.6) and samples of respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissues were recovered between 12 h and 13 days after infection. Infectious virus was detected in tissue homogenates using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry on paraffin sections. The results showed both infectious EHV-1 and viral antigens in respiratory tract associated lymph nodes 12 h after exposure. Infected leucocytes were identified morphologi...
Redina OE, Amstislavsky SYa , Maksimovsky LF.This study examined the developmental capacity of oocytes in DD mice after they had been injected with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin at different stages of the oestrous cycle. The superovulation of mature DD mice at pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus resulted in a large yield of viable embryos. The proportion of abnormal embryos was highest after injection of pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin at dioestrus. The pool of viable oocytes was most synchronized with normal development after the hormone was injected at oestrus. The results demonstrate that oocytes of different morphology coul...
Hardy J, Bednarski RM, Biller DS.Pharmacologically induced splenic contraction might be useful during certain medical or surgical procedures in horses. The effects of phenylephrine, an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor agonist, on hemodynamic function and splenic dimensions were examined in 6 healthy adult horses. Phenylephrine infusion (1, 3, or 6 micrograms/kg of body weight/min for 15 minutes) resulted in a dose-related increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure; right atrial pressure; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures; and packed cell volume (P = 0.0001). Concurrent decreases in heart rate and specific cardiac ou...
Wood AK, Sehgal CM, Reef VB.In a feasability study, a technique for constructing 3-dimensional sonographic images of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) was established in 6 clinically normal horses and applied to 7 horses with injured SDFT. Two-dimensional B-mode sonographic images were recorded on videotape as the sonographic transducer was manually moved along the palmar aspect of the metacarpal region. Selected videofields were digitized, and 3-dimensional images were constructed, using a computer work station and dedicated software program. The 3-dimensional images were of high quality and presented qualita...
Hikasa Y, Takase K, Ogasawara S.The effects of sevoflurane-oxygen anaesthesia at a light-surgical depth on clinically important features were evaluated in spontaneously breathing horses that received atropine, xylazine, and guaifenesin-thiopental. Mean end-tidal concentrations of sevoflurane ranged from 1.6 to 2.3% during 90 min maintenance. Recovery from anaesthesia was extremely rapid and smooth. Heart rates did not significantly change after anaesthesia. Arrhythmia was not observed. Mean arterial pressure (mean +/- SD) ranged from 86 +/- 17 to 98 +/- 5 mmHg during anaesthesia. Minute ventilation was low due to decreased r...
Cí·¯ord D.Artificially dehydrated lucerne produced in the United Kingdom has been shown to be a better source of nutrients for horses than grass hay. Horses eat more lucerne when it is pelleted, and the processing has little effect on its nutritive value. Lucerne does not appear to contain any antinutritional factors of significance to horses. Lucerne contains readily available calcium and protein and can thus be used as a cereal-balancer or to upgrade poor quality roughages. Because lucerne is a good source of digestible nutrients it has therapeutic applications, including the correction of electrolyte...
Hofferer S, Duchamp G, Palmer E.Twelve anoestrous mares were treated with an intravaginal sponge containing 0.5 g allyl trembolone (Regumate; Roussel UCLAF, Paris) and 50 mg oestradiol benzoate for 7 days, followed by daily intramuscular (i.m.) injections of 25 mg crude equine pituitary extract (CEG), with (n = 6) or without (n = 6) 0.25 mg porcine growth hormone (pGH). No difference in ovarian response to this superovulation treatment was observed between the 2 groups (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs 2.3 +/- 0.4 ovulations per mare, respectively). CEG treatment was then combined with allyl trembolone (40 mg per os per day) and prolonged in ...
Recio P, Prieto D, Martínez MP, García P, Rivera L, Benedito S, Martínez AC, Sacristán AG, Orensanz LM, Hernández M.Our aim was to study the presence of noradrenergic nerves and to characterize the alpha-adrenergic receptors involved in the contractions to electrical field stimulation and to alpha-adrenergic agonists of the horse penile deep dorsal vein. Noradrenergic fibres were visualized by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH). For functional studies, the responses of the venous rings to electrical field stimulation and to alpha-adrenergic agonists (noradrenaline, phenylephrine and BHT 920) were studied in the absence and the presence of noradrenergic transmissio...
Hill FW, Knottenbelt DC, van Laeren K.One month after falling heavily a four-year-old horse developed acute colic while being exercised. A tentative diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia was reached on the basis of the clinical findings and confirmed at laparotomy. The defect was repaired and the horse made an uneventful recovery.
Horohov DW, Loynachan AT, Page AE, Hughes K, Timoney JF, Fettinger M, Hatch T, Spaulding JG, McMichael J.Rhodococcus equi is a soil borne bacterium that causes severe morbidity and death in young foals. The economic costs of the disease include loss of life, treatment expenses, veterinary monitoring expenses and, perhaps most importantly, potential reduction in future athletic performance in horses that suffer severe lung abscessations caused by R. equi. Current standard of care for pneumonia caused by R. equi is treatment with a macrolide antimicrobial and rifampicin. However, the hallmark of pneumonia caused by R. equi is severe formation of pyogranulomas and a walling off effect that can preve...
Maede Y, Inaba M, Amano Y, Murase T, Goto I, Itakura C.Cryoglobulin was isolated from a horse which had glomerulo-nephritis and a history of swelling and skin ulcers of the limbs in the winter. The isolated cryoglobulin showed a single peak on a gel permeation chromatography column with an apparent molecular mass (Mr) of 180,000 which could be divided into two gamma bands by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis revealed that the cryoglobulin formed two precipitation lines with anti-horse IgG. Spur formation was observed when the cryoglobulin and the IgG purified from a normal healthy horse were cross-reacted with anti-...
Bertone AL, Cockerell GL, Lee RE, Stashak TS.Light microscopy, morphometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine the mucosal morphology of seven intestinal specimens (three from the small intestine and four from the large intestine) from two horses not subjected to surgery and three horses one year after sham-operation for colon resection. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation revealed similar morphology for all horses except that the unoperated horses had significantly (P < 0.05) fewer goblet cells in the crypts of the large intestine. In the small intestine, SEM demonstrated that villus shape varied and range...
Kaur N, Townsend H, Lohmann K, Marques F, Singh B.Rhodococcus equi establishes long-term pulmonary infection, survives in phagolysosomes of alveolar macrophages and causes pneumonia in foals. The failure of the foal to clear R. equi bacteria is believed to be due to its inability to produce IFN-γ and defects in Toll-like receptor(TLR) signaling. Lipid rafts sequester immune receptors such as TLRs and facilitate efficient cell signaling and therefore, a deficiency in accumulation of receptors in lipid rafts may result in failure to activate. We tested whether a Virulence Associated Protein A (VapA)/CpG vaccine against R. equi would impact the...
Iametti BS, Tedeschi G, Oungre E, Bonomi F.In this work the purification and the complete primary structure of kappa-casein from equine milk are reported for the first time. Mares' milk casein was separated by RP-HPLC into four fractions. Complete primary sequence was obtained by sequence analysis of the protein in the fastest eluting peak isolated by chromatography. This sequence was 95% identical to that reported for the C-terminal portion of the zebras' kappa-casein and showed high similarity with kappa-caseins from sources other than Equidae, confirming that this protein was indeed kappa-casein in equine milk. The presence of post-...
Steiss JE, Forsyth G.The effect of needle electromyography (EMG) on serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined, using clinically normal dogs (males and females; n = 8) and horses (females; n = 8). All animals appeared normal on EMG evaluation. Serum CK was measured before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after EMG. Except for a single 24-hour sample in a dog, the animals did not have abnormally increased serum CK activity after EMG. For dogs and horses, mean values were increased, but within normal range at 4 and 24 hours and returned to base-line values by 48 hours after EMG. For dogs, but not for horses, these CK...
Tanner JC, Barrell GK.Despite being a large commercial breeding industry, there is little published data on the reproductive success of Standardbred mares. Objective: To quantify the reproductive performance of Standardbred mares under artificial breeding systems in a commercial setting and determine the incidence of early embryonic and other pre-partum losses. Methods: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: Data from four commercial farms were collected across four breeding years, and all mares were bred via artificial insemination. A total of 3995 mares contributed 7229 mare years. First-cycle pregnancy rate (FCPR)...
Cargile JL, MacKay RJ, Dankert JR, Skelley L.Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is an important mediator of endotoxin-induced pathologic changes. To help define the role of TNF in equids with endotoxemia, the effects of pretreatment with a murine monoclonal antibody (MAB) against equine TNF were evaluated in Miniature Horses given endotoxin. Five horses were given TNF MAB at a dosage of 1.86 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 5 were given control MAB. Five minutes later, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli O55:B5), 0.25 microgram/kg, was given to all horses by bolus IV infusion. Clinical signs of disease were monitored at intervals up to...
Furr M, Pontzer C, Gasper P.The percentages of T-lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and lymphocyte adhesion molecule CD11a/CD18 were determined in the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of seven normal horses and four horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) using flow cytometry. There was a greater percentage of CD5+ cells in the CSF (79.0%) than in peripheral blood (67.0%), although this did not achieve statistical significance. Furthermore, the lymphocyte population in CSF comprises a significantly greater (P = .01) percentage of CD8+ T-cells, resulting in a decrease of the ...
Bain FT.Cytology can be a rewarding diagnostic technique in equine practice. The respiratory tract readily lends itself to sampling for cytologic evaluation from the upper to lower regions of the system. This article discusses preservation and staining techniques that will allow the practitioner to present satisfactory samples to the laboratory. General considerations for cytologic analysis are discussed as well as the specific findings for individual disorders of the respiratory tract. The proper use of cytologic findings in conjunction with other diagnostic techniques for the respiratory tract are a...
Pedersen HG, Watson ED, Telfer EE.During the oestrous cycle follicles grow and either ovulate or regress. Regressing follicles undergo atresia and in many species apoptosis has been identified as the underlying mechanism in this process. The aims of this study were to establish whether equine granulosa cells degenerate via an apoptotic mechanism and whether the presence of apoptotic cell death in granulosa cells is correlated with oocyte quality. Ovaries from mares at unknown stages of the oestrous cycle were obtained from an abattoir. In Expt 1, follicles (n=352) from 37 mares were processed. DNA was extracted from granulosa ...
Ranner W, Schill W, Gerhards H.The radiological examination of the thoracolumbar spine of a horse with a potential back problem is most important in order to come to a diagnosis and the imaging method of choice. The use of parallel grid-cassettes, appropriate films, rare earth screens and aluminium filters requires radiographic equipment with an output of 60-120 kV and 25-90 mAs. By use of this technique in the standing horse it is possible to obtain radiographs of the summits of the dorsal spinal processes of the thoracolumbar spine from the first thoracic (T1) to approximately the third of fourth lumbar vertebrae (L3/4). ...
Nakken G, Kirk J, Fjordbakk CT.Autologous conditioned serum (ACS), i.e serum enriched with anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, is a popular orthobiologic therapy used in equine practice. Costly specialized tubes containing glass beads are commonly used for ACS production. The objective of this in vitro study was to compare cytokine and growth factor levels in equine serum after incubation in three different tubes: commercial plastic ACS tubes (COMM); sterile 50 ml plastic centrifugation tubes (CEN); and 10 ml plastic vacutainer tubes (VAC). Blood from 15 healthy horses was incubated in the different tubes at 3...
Tozaki T, Kikuchi M, Kakoi H, Hirota KI, Mukai K, Aida H, Nakamura S, Nagata SI.Transcriptome analyses based on DNA microarray technology have been used to investigate gene expression profiles in horses. In this study, we aimed to identify exercise-induced changes in the expression profiles of genes in the peripheral blood of Thoroughbred horses using DNA microarray technology (15,429 genes on 43,603 probes). Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected from six horses before and 1 min, 4 hr, and 24 hr after all-out running on a treadmill. After the normalization of microarray data, a total of 26,830 probes were clustered into four groups and 11 subgroups showing si...
Bertone AL.The decision to perform a procedure in the standing patient rather than in a completely anesthetized patient depends on many factors, such as patient health, cost, time, facilities, and anesthetic expertise. Although the procedure often is technically easier to perform if the patient is anesthetized, cost and patient risk considerations may result in a decision to do the surgery standing. Surgical experience in performing procedures standing is important for a successful outcome.
Kumar S, Malhotra DV, Dhar S.The present study aimed to develop Dot-ELISA, complement fixation test (CFT) and capillary tube agglutination test (CAT) for serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection and to compare their sensitivity with each other. For this study, sequential serum samples were collected from four donkeys experimentally infected with B. equi up to 90 days post infection (P.I.). B. equi antigen was prepared from the blood of a donkey showing more than 80% parasitaemia. Dot-ELISA, CF and CA tests were standardized as per the standard method. While performing CFT, it was observed that CFT standardized for the donk...
Klinc P, Kosec M, Majdic G.The success rate of artificial insemination following the freezing of stallion semen is limited; therefore, improving the stallion semen quality after the freezing and thawing process is a necessary objective. Objective: To investigate the influence of glass bead column separation on the freezability of stallion semen. Objective: Glass beads in a column separator remove damaged and dead spermatozoa in the ejaculate during centrifugation. Methods: In total, 50 ejaculates from 6 Lipizzaner stallions were studied. Each ejaculate was divided into 2 parts, one half processed following standard proc...
Cooper HE, Davidson EJ, Slack J, Ortved KF.To report the clinical features, treatment, and outcome in horses with cellulitis and concurrent septic tendonitis and/or desmitis. Methods: Short case series. Methods: Medical records from 2000 to 2019 were reviewed, identifying horses with cellulitis and concurrent septic tendonitis and/or desmitis based on sonographic examination and positive bacterial culture. Signalment, ultrasonographic results, bacterial culture, treatment, duration of hospitalization, and complications were recorded. Long-term outcome data were obtained from follow-up examinations and/or telephone interviews. Successfu...
Madigan J, Costa L, Nieves S, Horgan M, Weberg K, Aleman M.Entrapped, stranded and recumbent equids often require emergency rescue. The success of the rescue is often affected by secondary injuries from struggling of the horse to rise and from injury secondary to attempted rescue by pulling on the head or limbs of the equid. Therefore, having ready access to simplified rescue equipment which can be easily applied would be desirable. The devices currently available for these manipulations are not always readily available at the site of an incident. Here, we describe and illustrate the step-by-step use of a Loops System consisting of 183 cm round slings...
Pearson H, Weaver BM.The paper reports 6 cases of priapism with subsequent protrusion and paresis after neuroleptanalgesia and anaesthesia in horses. Five were ultimately treated by amputation of the penis but the sixth horse is responding satisfactorily to conservative treatment at the time of writing. Causative factors, preventive measures and possible methods of treatment are discussed.
Klein WR.Squamous cell carcinomas of the bovine eye and equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed. A single injection of BCG into the tumour results in permanent regression of the lesion in 37 per cent of the cattle, regression followed by recurrence of the tumour in 26 per cent and in progressive growth of the tumour in 37 per cent of the cases. Recurrence may be prevented by repeated injection into the lesion. From 50 to 60 per cent of the cows will remain free from tumours. Equine sarcoids show a complete regression in 70-80 per cent of the cases. Tumours on the limbs show a less satisfactory response (l...
