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Topic:Histology
Histology in horses involves the microscopic examination of tissues to understand their structure and function. This field of study provides insights into the cellular composition and architecture of equine tissues, aiding in the diagnosis of diseases and the assessment of tissue health. Histological analysis is used to identify pathological changes, such as inflammation, neoplasia, or degenerative conditions, by examining tissue samples obtained through biopsies or necropsies. Common tissues studied in equine histology include skin, muscle, bone, and internal organs. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore histological techniques, findings, and their applications in equine veterinary medicine.
A pilot study to investigate the effect of insemination on secretory cell activity post-ovulation in the isthmus of the equine oviduct. There is little information on non-ciliated secretory cell numbers in the equine oviduct isthmus over the course of the estrous cycle and the effect, if any, of insemination. Lectin histochemistry was used on a series of 13 oviducts taken at different stages of the estrous cycle, with and without insemination, to monitor glycosylation changes and the distribution of secretory cells characterised by a prominent cytoplasmic accumulation of glycoconjugates. There appeared to be an increase in secretory cells expressing a wide range of glycans in all specimens at estrus. One day after ovulation, o...
Changes in Uterine Glandular Composition in Kyrgyz Breed Mares According to Pregnancy Status. This study was conducted to examine glandular histological changes in the uterus of Kyrgyz breed mares during the first 6 months of pregnancy. The study used 53 Kyrgyz breed mares; 43 of these were at different stages of pregnancy, while 10 were non-pregnant mares. Uterine samples obtained at the slaughterhouse were evaluated histomorphometrically; endometrial thickness, gland density, gland epithelial height and gland diameter were measured. In conclusion, it was concluded that in Kyrgyz mares, endometrial thickness, glandular epithelial height and diameter increased as pregnancy progressed...
Clinical features, diagnostic findings, and treatment response in Finnish horses examined for equine inflammatory bowel disease. Equine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is challenging to diagnose and treat. Although the number of horses examined due to suspicion of IBD is increasing, the different treatments in clinical patients and their responses are not well documented. We sought to characterize the demography, signs, clinical and rectal biopsy findings, and treatment response in Finnish horses suspected to have IBD. Horses undergoing clinical examination due to suspected IBD in 2022 and with a good-quality rectal biopsy were selected for the study. General information, signs, clinical and histological findings, and ...
Equine coronary sinus and great cardiac vein anatomy relevant to cardiac electrophysiology. The coronary sinus (CS) and great cardiac vein (GCV) are crucial in cardiac electrophysiology and can be arrhythmogenic in humans. In horses, CS/GCV catheterisation is increasingly performed for arrhythmia diagnosis and treatment. Improved anatomical understanding of these structures is needed to clarify relationships to surrounding structures. Methods: Postmortem examinations of 64 adult warmblood equine hearts were carried out. Middle cardiac vein and vein of Marshall ostia locations were described. Right atrial myocardial sleeve (MS) length was measured from the CS ostium. In 23 horses, CS/...
Histomorphometric characterization of the endometrium in mules (Equus mulus): An approach to endometritis/endometrosis. Mules (Equus mulus), as sterile hybrids between mares and donkeys, present a unique uterine morphology and physiology that remains poorly characterized. This study provides the first histomorphometric evaluation and transcriptional profiling of the endometrium in adult mules. To achieve this, endometrial biopsies were analysed using quantitative stereology, histological classification (Kenney-Doig system), and qPCR of key immune-related and fibrotic genes. Histometric analyses revealed that the stratum spongiosum was the predominant component of the mule endometrium (mean volume density: 84.7â...
Regional variations in the morphology of the efferent ductules: a histological perspective in rats, bulls, stallions, and boars. Infertility is a global concern in both humans and domestic animals, with male factors accounting for nearly half of all cases. Among male reproductive structures, the efferent ductules play a crucial but understudied role in fertility. These tubules connect the testis to the epididymis and are primarily responsible for luminal fluid reabsorption, a process essential for sperm concentration, maturation, and transport. This study aimed to provide a comparative morphological and histological characterization of the efferent ductules in four species-rats, bulls, stallions, and boars-focusing on r...
Umbilical cord torsion abortion: the gross and histological features of affected umbilical cords and fetal membranes. Umbilical cord torsion (UCT) is the most frequent pathology of the equine umbilical cord (UC) and a prominent cause of abortion, yet objective data on its features remain limited. This study compared UCT with clinically normal pregnancies (CNP) to (i) identify gross and histological features of the UC and fetal membranes, (ii) determine whether UCT is associated with fetal growth restriction, and (iii) rule out infectious aetiologies. Gross and histological features of the UC, chorioallantois and amnion were compared between groups. Fetal weight and crown-rump length were analysed relative to ...
Collagen composition in equine exuberant granulation tissue reflects tissue immaturity. Exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) is a second intention wound healing disorder. It commonly occurs in the distal limb of horses. EGT causes significant increase in the duration and cost of treatment, potentially leading to the decision not to pursue treatment and euthanize the patient. The underlying pathomechanisms of this fibroproliferative disorder remain unclear, particularly in terms of collagen composition and the association between myofibroblasts and blood vessels. This study investigated the collagen composition in naturally occurring EGT following trimming in 19 horses (EGT group). ...
Corneal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising From a Conjunctival Graft Scar in a Horse. To describe the case details of an equine corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the central scar of a previous conjunctival pedicle graft. Methods: An 18-year-old Thoroughbred gelding, showing a progressive increase in diameter, depth, opacity, and pigmentation of a conjunctival pedicle graft scar of the left eye, 34 months after surgery. Methods: Complete ophthalmic examination, standard histologic and immunohistochemical evaluation of an incisional biopsy to formulate a definitive diagnosis. Carbon dioxide (CO) laser photoablation combined with topical mitomycin C treatment. R...
Equine endometrial organoids preserve tissue structure and cycle-stage transcriptional identity†. The endometrium is a hormonally responsive tissue that undergoes cyclic remodeling. Although endometrial organoids have been established in several species, detailed characterization remains limited. Here, we assessed the structural and molecular fidelity of equine endometrial organoids across reproductive cycle stages and during extended culture. Organoids were generated from biopsies collected during estrus and diestrus and analyzed using histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and bulk- and single-cell RNA sequencing. Organoids formed polarized cystic structures composed of co...
Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals developmental dynamics and cellular heterogeneity in the mammary gland of young fillies and adult Mongolian mares. Mongolian horses are famous for their lactation traits. Their milk contains a high protein content and low levels of fatty acids. Given their superior milk composition and historical use in dairy production across Inner Mongolia and Central Asia, Mongolian horses serve as a valuable model for understanding lactational biology. Multiple factors regulate the lactation process; however, a detailed study of this biological process has not been performed with single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) technology. Insights gained from snRNA-seq of their mammary glands can inform molecular strategies ...
Horse model of spontaneous atrial fibrillation share proteomic changes with humans. Horses and humans are among the few mammals susceptible to spontaneous atrial fibrillation (AF), both suffering from high recurrence rates after treatment. Treatment resistance is often attributed to progressive atrial remodeling, but current treatment options fail to effectively address this aspect. Here, we introduce a novel horse model of spontaneous AF to investigate the biological pathway changes in early stages of the disease. Through data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry on biopsies from the right and left atrium and left ventricular chamber of horses with early-stage persisten...
Effect of Fluorescence Biomodulation on Dermal Healing in an Equine Experimental In Vivo Wound Model. This study aimed to determine the safety and macroscopic/microscopic effects of fluorescence biomodulation (FBM) on experimentally induced, full-thickness, distal limb wounds in horses.This was an experimental study ( = 6 horses). Two full-thickness wounds were created on both dorsal metacarpi of six adult horses. Each forelimb was randomly allocated to either control (no FBM) or treatment (FBM) and randomly allocated to visual or histological assessment of healing. Wounds were treated within each experimental group every 7 days for four treatments. Fluorescence biomodulation wounds were ...
Cytoplasmic and nuclear Survivin expression in healthy gastric mucosae of equids: A comparative study between horses, donkeys, and mules. Information regarding Survivin protein expression in the gastric mucosa of equids is scarce. This protein has been associated with functions related to modulating apoptosis and promoting mitosis in epithelial cells and is considered part of gastric cytoprotection mechanisms in humans and mice, maintaining mucosal integrity and regulating cellular renewal. Objective: This study aimed to determine the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear Survivin in gastric mucosae of equids (horses, donkeys, and mules). Methods: A total of 30 healthy stomachs, 10 from each species, were evaluated using histolo...
Morphological and morphometric characterization of the aorta of Brazilian horses (Equus ferus caballus, Linnaeus-1758): Comparative analysis of the aortic bulb and ascending aorta. We examined 52 horse aortas to characterize the morphological aspects of the aortic bulb wall and the ascending aorta. The morphometric data were analyzed using ImageJ®-Fiji 1.5 software. The Tunica intima was composed of endotheliocytes with scarce cytoplasm and ellipsoid nuclei, supported by a collagenous subendothelial stratum. The Tunica media was composed entirely of fascicles of vascular smooth muscle cells interspersed with bundles of collagen fibers and elastic lamellae, characterizing the aortic medial lamellar unit. The Tunica adventitia consisted of two distinct sub-layers: the ext...
The equine placental extract ameliorates renal damage in mice with adenine-induced chronic kidney disease by inhibiting indoxyl sulfate production. Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a dietary metabolite of tryptophan that is produced in the liver. It is a uremic toxin that facilitates the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously observed that equine placental extract (ePE) inhibited IS synthesis in an inhibition assay using the liver S9 fraction. Unassigned: This study was designed to investigate the effects of ePE on adenine-induced renal failure in mice at the histological and molecular levels to understand the mechanism of action of ePE. Unassigned: We assessed this effect through biochemical and histological analyses using a...
Histological Study of the Normal Proximal Third Interosseus Muscle Enthesis in the Equine Pelvic Limb. In human medicine, the enthesis, or tendon-to-bone insertion, is generally considered a linked entity or 'enthesis organ' and plays a crucial biomechanical role. This study aimed to histologically assess the equine proximal third interosseus muscle (suspensory ligament) enthesis in 10 pelvic limbs from 7 horses. The area of the proximal third interosseus muscle enthesis was divided into 6 compartments based on post-mortem computed tomography and prepared for histology using haematoxylin/eosin and trichrome staining. The proximal third interosseus muscle enthesis showed a fibrocartilaginous nat...
Epigenetic signatures in in vitro-expanded equine chondrocytes induced by a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We have explored the impact of DNA methylation changes on gene transcription in expanded equine chondrocytes treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), Trichostatin A (TSA). The subjects were DNA and RNA samples prepared from articular cartilage cells derived from four animals in our previous study. Using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS), we determined differentially methylated sites (DMS) and regions (DMRs) in the genomes of TSA-treated cells. We linked them to gene differential expression, as obtained from 3' mRNA sequencing data and the single-locus quantifica...
Phylogenetic variation of layer II cortical immature neurons in dog and horse confirms covariance with brain size and neocortical surface. Recent research in brain structural plasticity has identified "immature" or "dormant" neurons in layer II of the cerebral cortex (cortical immature neurons; cINs), cells that remain in a prolonged state of arrested development but retain the ability to resume maturation and integrate functionally into mature cortical circuits. These immature cells are far more abundant in large-brained mammals, being restricted to paleocortex (piriform cortex) in small-brained rodents and extending in the widely expanded neocortical mantle of species with large gyrencephalic brains. In a previous systematic an...
Multi-Detector Helical Computed Tomography, Transrectal Ultrasonography, and Histology of the Sacroiliac Joint: A Comparative Study in Adult Warmblood Horse Cadavers. This study described, assessed and correlated ultrasonographic, computed tomographic, and histological findings in the sacroiliac joints of adult Warmblood horse cadavers. In total, 25 joints from 15 horses were examined post-mortem using transrectal ultrasonography and helical computed tomography. Findings on computed tomography were graded in the caudal joint third (caudally) and for the entire joint as mild, moderate, or severe. In total, 11 joints from nine horses were evaluated histologically. All joints (100%) showed abnormalities on computed tomography, and 92% (23/25) displayed abnorma...
Computed tomographic myelography of the cranial cervical spine in Warmblood horses with no spinal pathology-Inter- and intravertebral ratios and distribution of contrast columns in neutral and flexed cervical spine. Computed tomographic myelography (CTM) and radiographic myelography (RxM) are diagnostic for extradural spinal cord compression, but knowledge about the contrast distribution in flexion and normal position of nonaffected horses is lacking. Objective: (1) To determine the inter- and intravertebral ratios at C3-C4 of CTM in neutral and flexed positions in Warmbloods. (2) To compare the diameters of the spinal cord and the contrast columns at C3-C4 between neutral and flexed positions in CTM and RxM. (3) To evaluate the variability of measurements. Methods: Terminal in vivo method-comparison stud...
Structure Function Relationships in the Aging Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon: Implications for Injury. The high stresses and strains experienced by the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) make it prone to age-related injury. The SDFT exhibits cellular and structural specializations, localized to the interfascicular matrix (IFM), enabling it to resist its extreme mechanical environment. With aging, these specializations are lost, impacting the ability of the tendon to withstand repeated loading. Within the IFM, there is loss of mechanical properties and organization accompanying cell senescence and a decreased resolution of inflammation. Developing therapeutics to reverse these changes may,...
Metabolic heterogeneity exists across equine distal limb tendons and ligaments in healthy, metabolically normal horses. To (1) identify tissue-specific metabolic profiles of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and suspensory ligament (SL) and (2) evaluate metabolic profile differences in the SDFT, DDFT, and SL between the equine forelimb and hindlimb. Unassigned: 2 SDFT, DDFT, and SL specimens were collected from the forelimbs and hindlimbs of 10 horses of mixed breed, age, and sex that were euthanized for other reasons. One specimen was processed for histology to confirm that there were no underlying soft-tissue pathologies. One specimen was processed for 2 forms of...
Markers of Hepatic Insulin Clearance and Their Association With Steatosis in Hyperinsulinaemic Horses. Hyperinsulinaemia (HI) is an important feature of Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). It has been suggested that reduced hepatic clearance of insulin contributes to HI, particularly in humans affected by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Objective: In obese horses with HI, insulin clearance is impaired and associated with MASLD. Methods: Tissue samples were collected at post-mortem from clinically well-characterized horses with HI (n = 13; basal insulin > 20 mIU/l) and without HI (control; n = 20). Methods: Retrospective observational study. Molecula...
Aspergillus nidulans as an agent of subcutaneous mycetoma in a horse. Mycetoma is a fungal chronic skin proliferative lesion rarely encountered in horses and often associated with fungi such as Scedosporium spp., Madurella spp., Phialophora spp., Curvularia spp., and less frequently with Aspergillus spp. A case of subcutaneous mycetoma in the cervical region in a 7-year-old male Quarter Horse, diagnosed through cytological, histological, cultural and molecular methods, is reported. Aspergillus nidulans, usually implicated in guttural pouch mycosis, was identified. This unusual case represents the second case report of mycetoma caused by Aspergillus nidulans in t...
Morphological variations of the interatrial septum and potential implications in equine cardiology. The interatrial septum morphology, shaped by the septum primum and secundum fusion, results in the formation of the fossa ovalis (FO) and its limbus. Incomplete fusion can lead to a patent foramen ovale (PFO), while complete fusion may produce septal ridges and pouches (SPs), with SPs in humans linked to ischemic stroke and atrial arrhythmias. In horses, atrial tachycardia and fibrillation often originate near the FO. This study examines adult equine interatrial septum morphology to enhance understanding the region and guide electrophysiological interventions for equine cardiac arrhythmias. Po...
Performance horses as a model for exercise-associated cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This paper reviews the myocardial substrate of horses relative to that of humans and discusses the utility of performance horses as a model of exercise-associated cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in athletes. The coronary circulation is similar between the species while coronary artery anomalies and myocardial bridging appear to only be associated with athletic mortality in human athletes and not in performance horses. There are subtle differences in the histology of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, of unknown clinical significance, while the His bundle is more highly innervat...
Effect of intra-arterial cisplatin on dorsal hoof wall tissue of isolated perfused equine limbs. Equine hoof canker is a chronic proliferative condition of the hoof tissues that is often time-consuming and frustrating to treat. After surgical debridement, topical application of cisplatin (cis-Diamindichlorplatin II) has been reported, requiring repeatedly handling this hazardous substance during bandage changes. Alternatively, intraarterial application of cisplatin could be used, similar to the treatment of some human neoplastic diseases. As the side effects of such a treatment are currently unknown, evaluation of associated risks is necessary before treating live horses. Thus, forelimbs ...
Chemical composition, physical properties, and immunomodulating study of mare’s milk of the Adaev horse breed from Kazakhstan. Mare's milk is recognized for its nutritional and immunomodulatory properties, making it a promising functional food. Furthermore, mare's milk is characterized by anti-carcinogenic and antiviral attributes, which have incited considerable scientific inquiry. This study investigates the chemical composition, immune-modulating effects, and physiological impact of Adaev horse milk supplementation in a -infected Wistar rat model. Eighteen male rats were divided into three groups: a control group (GC-1) receiving standard chow, a low-dose supplementation group (LDM-2) receiving 0.1 g of lyophilized...
Chronic idiopathic myopathy in Icelandic horses: A case series. Exertional myopathies are recognised as a cause of poor performance in equines. In Icelandic horses presenting reduced performance and/or multi-limb lameness, no specific myopathy has been identified. Objective: To characterise the clinical presentation and histopathological findings in muscle biopsy samples from Icelandic horses demonstrating poor performance. Methods: Case series. Methods: Phenotypic characteristics, clinical examination and diagnoses of 17 Icelandic horses were studied. All horses had a resting serum creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate transaminase activities measured, and C...
