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Topic:RNA
RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a fundamental molecule involved in various biological processes in horses, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of cellular activities. RNA plays a critical role in translating genetic information from DNA into proteins, which are essential for maintaining cellular function and overall health in horses. There are different types of RNA, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), each serving distinct functions within the cell. Research on RNA in horses focuses on understanding its role in development, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic applications. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the structure, function, and implications of RNA in equine biology and health.
Transcriptome Sequencing and Differential Expression Analysis of Ovaries from Kazakh Mares During Seasonal Quiescence and Estrus Activation. Kazakh horses are typical seasonal breeders, and ovarian activity is markedly reduced during the non-breeding period. Hormonal stimulation can induce ovarian functional responses during seasonal anestrus; however, the early ovarian transcriptional changes associated with this response remain incompletely understood. In this study, ovarian transcriptome sequencing was performed in 12 Kazakh mares examined during the seasonal anestrous period. The mares were classified into a non-hormonally stimulated seasonal quiescent group (DB, = 6) and a hormone-induced ovarian activation group (DY, = 6) f...
Circulating Cell-Free RNA Reflects Immune-Associated and Airway Remodeling Signatures in Equine Asthma. Circulating cell-free RNA (cfRNA) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive biomarker capable of capturing transcripts originating from multiple tissues and cell types, but its utility in chronic inflammatory airway diseases remains poorly understood. Equine asthma (EA), a naturally occurring respiratory disease that shares key clinical and immunopathological features with human asthma, provides a valuable comparative model for evaluating plasma cfRNA in this context. We performed transcriptomic profiling of plasma cfRNA from horses with EA and healthy controls and compared these findings ...
Histone deacetylase inhibition alters mRNA expression of cell cycle- and senescence-associated genes in primary equine chondrocytes. Cellular senescence is a biological state of a cell that triggers inflammation and gradually contributes to pathological conditions. Unlike programmed cell death, prolonged inhibition of cell division induces a metabolic state in senescent cells, in which they release pro-inflammatory factors that drive inflammation affecting the tissue microenvironment. Along with prolonged excessive mechanical stress, low-grade inflammation raised by senescent chondrocytes may contribute to articular cartilage defects, which are prevalent in ageing populations. Moreover, the use of chemotherapeutics used to ...
Equine infectious anemia virus Mat protein serves as a Tat cofactor to facilitate viral transcription. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the genus of the family and serves as an important model for studying lentiviral pathogenesis. A novel EIAV-encoded protein, designated Mat, was previously identified in our laboratory, yet its biological functions remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that disruption of Mat moderately reduced EIAV replication in equine monocyte-derived macrophages, and this defect was restored when Mat was supplied in . Further analyses revealed that Mat exhibits nuclear localization and enhances Tat-mediated transcriptional activation of the long termin...
Compartmentalization of DHCR7 links 7-DHC metabolism to B-ring unsaturated steroid synthesis in the equine fetal gonad. The endocrinology of equine pregnancy is unique, but many of its unusual phenomena closely resemble pregnancy in women. Placental estrone synthesis uses fetal adrenal androgen precursors in women, but from the fetal gonads in mares, peaking midway through the 11-month gestation. Unique to equine pregnancies, other estrogens like equilin, typified by an unsaturated B-ring sterol structure, are synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), the immediate precursor to cholesterol, without cholesterol formation, peaking later in gestation. Currently, the spatial and temporal regulation underlying ...
Altered gene expression in the liver and small intestine of horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy. Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is the second most common diagnosis of spinal ataxia in horses in the United States. The disease develops due to a combination of vitamin E deficiency and an unknown genetic risk factor(s), and there currently is no effective treatment. Objective: We performed transcriptomic profiling of the liver and small intestine of horses with and without eNAD/EDM, as both tissues are the main locations for absorption, metabolism, and delivery of vitamin E to the nervous system. Methods: Case-control exploratory study. Methods: Post...
Circulating microRNAs as potential predictive biomarkers of equine metabolic syndrome. Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by insulin dysregulation (ID), and an increased risk of developing laminitis, often accompanied by generalized or regional adiposity. Despite growing awareness of EMS, early and accurate diagnosis remains challenging. In this pilot study, we investigated changes in the levels of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in plasma samples from horses diagnosed with EMS (n=13), compared to overweight/obese (OW/OB) non-ID horses (n=16) and healthy controls (n=16). Using a targeted OpenArray, followed by a Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's...
Conserved skeletal muscle transcriptomic responses to pacing strategies in Thoroughbred horses. This study investigated whether different pacing patterns during high-intensity exercise elicit distinct transcriptional responses in equine skeletal muscle. Eight Thoroughbred horses completed two treadmill exercise sessions in a randomized crossover design. In the positive-pacing condition, horses exercised at 110% maximal O₂ uptake (V˙O₂max) for 1 min followed by 90% V˙O₂max for 1 min, whereas in the negative-pacing condition, the order was reversed. At 4 h after exercise, the positive-pacing protocol resulted in upregulation of 1,989 genes and downregulation of 840 genes, whereas t...
Cell-Type Deconvolution of Equine BALF RNA-Seq: A Critical Comparison with Matched Single-Cell Data. Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) averages signals across heterogeneous cell populations. Computational deconvolution methods aim to infer cell type composition and cell type-specific gene expression from bulk data, but their performance in equine samples has not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the ability of computational deconvolution to recover cellular composition and differential expression signals in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from horses with severe equine asthma (SEA) and controls (CTL). Cryopreserved BALF samples from six SEA and five CTL horses previously analyzed b...
Dendritic-cell diversity in equine blood revealed by single-cell transcriptomics. Detailed classification of equine dendritic cells (DC) is necessary to address various research questions, such as the role of DC subsets in immune-mediated diseases of horses. Unassigned: We applied single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on DC enriched from the blood of two horses. Unassigned: All main DC subsets were detected by key gene expression, including conventional DC type 1 (cDC1; ) and type 2 (cDC2; , ), as well as plasmacytoid DC (pDC; ). In addition, we detected a small cluster of hematopoietic progenitors, as well as transitional DC (tDC; , ) and putative DC type 3 (DC3; , ). Our...
Integrated transcriptomic profiling reveals oncogenic pathways and chimeric transcripts in equine sarcoid lesions with predominant BPV1 detection. Sarcoids are the most common cutaneous tumors in horses, representing up to 90% (35%-90%) of skin neoplasms. Mostly caused by Bovine Papillomavirus (BPVs) infections, sarcoids are highly resistant to therapy and prone to recurring, posing a significant threat to equine health. The aim of this study is to explore molecular pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of equine sarcoids, by applying transcriptomic approach. After testing samples for viral DNA, both mRNA and small RNA expression was analyzed via high-throughput Illumina sequencing comparing 12 sarcoids and 12 healthy skin s...
Matched embryo-endometrium RNA-seq reveals coordinated but asymmetric transcriptomic reprogramming at the onset of early equine pregnancy. Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare requires coordinated adaptations of both the conceptus and the endometrium during the peri-recognition interval; however, integrated transcriptomic analyses of both compartments within the same biological window remain limited. Here, we analyzed conceptus RNA-seq data across embryonic age (Days 8 and 12 post ovulation) and endometrial RNA-seq data across pregnancy status (pregnant versus non-pregnant mares sampled between Days 8 and 12 post ovulation). In pregnant mares, conceptus recovery and endometrial biopsy collection were performed with...
Exploring the role of epigenetics in the processes related to the development of endometrosis in the mare. Endometrosis is a chronic degenerative condition of the mare endometrium characterized by progressive fibrosis and glandular alterations that impair uterine function and fertility. Its pathogenesis involves persistent inflammation, the activation of myofibroblasts, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to disrupted glandular secretion and compromised maintenance of pregnancy. While histopathological studies of endometrosis are well described, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of epigenetic reg...
Transcriptomic and Meat Quality Differences in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Surgically Castrated Three-Year-Old Kazakh Horses. Although the Kazakh horse is a dual-purpose breed renowned for both milk and meat production, the extent to which surgical castration alters gene expression in its muscles has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, left longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) samples were obtained from six Kazakh stallions (W group) and six Kazakh geldings (S group) to comparatively evaluate meat quality parameters, examine histological characteristics in tissue sections, and apply transcriptomic profiling to comprehensively explore the principal regulatory pathways and candidate genes through which surgical cas...
Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel alters synovial immune pathways in equine experimental osteoarthritis. To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unassigned: Osteoarthritis was induced in 1 middle carpal joint of 16, 2- to 5-year-old horses (7 mares and 9 geldings) via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in combination with exercise on a high-speed treadmill; the contralateral limb underwent a sham operation. Horses were exercised 5 days per week, beginning on day 16 postoperatively. The osteochondral fragment joint was injec...
Synovial transcriptomic biomarkers predict structural severity in equine osteochondral fragment-induced experimental osteoarthritis. Develop a global joint score (GJS) reflecting equine osteoarthritis (OA) structural severity and identify clinical or molecular parameters predicting disease severity. Unassigned: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from horses (n = 104; 58 females and 46 geldings; 2 to 5 years old) undergoing experimental OA induction via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in the middle carpal joint and high-speed treadmill exercise over 70 days. Longitudinal measures included subjective lameness examinations (lameness, effusion, and flexion), synovial fluid (SF) and serum glycosaminoglyca...
Equine infectious anemia virus blocks interferon responses through Rev-mediated activation of the stress granule-PKR-eIF2α pathway. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a pivotal role in antiviral defence by inducing interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) that target multiple stages of viral replication. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is an ancient lentivirus that establishes long-term asymptomatic infections in equids, suggesting its exceptional immune evasion capabilities. However, the mechanisms by which EIAV modulates IFN responses remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that EIAV infection attenuates ISG expression at the post-transcriptional level. The viral Rev protein plays a central role by interacting with the stress g...
An intronic variant in Ferredoxin Reductase (FDXR) creates a cryptic exon in Quarter Horses with Equine Juvenile Spinocerebellar Ataxia. Equine Juvenile Spinocerebellar Ataxia (EJSCA) is a novel autosomal recessive neurologic disease in Quarter Horses. Affected foals display a progressive proprioceptive ataxia by 1-5 weeks of age, leading to recumbency and necessitating euthanasia. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 7 EJSCA cases and unaffected horses that included 4 obligate carriers, 4 unaffected half or full-siblings, and 28 unrelated, unaffected control Quarter Horses. An 82 kb region of association was identified (EquCab3.0, chr11: 6963986-7045999), containing 9 candidate SNPs across four genes (FADS6, FDXR, GRIN2C a...
Equine arteritis virus Nsp10 promotes MAVS proteasomal degradation via E3 ligases Smurf1/MARCH5. Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family , which also includes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). EAV is the causative agent of equine viral arteritis (EVA), an economically important systemic, reproductive, and respiratory disease of equids. EAV infection triggers host innate immunity, yet the precise strategies employed by the virus to evade immune defenses and achieve productive infection are poorly characterized. In this study, it was observed that EAV infection can induce a cellular IFN response; howev...
LC-HRMS detection of three ionizable lipids in equine plasma: surrogate markers for long-term LNP-mediated gene-doping surveillance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are essential delivery vehicles for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based therapies. However, their potential misuse as gene-doping agents in horse racing and equestrian sports necessitates robust analytical surveillance. This study presents a highly sensitive, Orbitrap technology-driven liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the simultaneous detection of three clinically relevant ionizable lipids: ALC-0315, SM-102, and DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3), which are critical components of approved RNA therapeutics and vaccines. Following a modi...
miRNA Sequencing and Differential Analysis of Testis in 1-Year-Old and 2-Year-Old Kazakh Horses. The represents a significant genetic resource within China's population, characterized by notable resilience and an ability to thrive on coarse forage. Nevertheless, a decline in its numbers has been observed recently, making the improvement of its reproductive performance crucial for the preservation of this breed and the advancement of the related industry. In this study, testicular tissues from 1-year-old (pre-pubertal) and 2-year-old (post-pubertal) were analyzed. miRNA sequencing was conducted on tissues from these age groups, followed by bioinformatics analyses to elucidate the functi...
CD8+ T-cells, CD86+ macrophages and TNF-α signalling pathways are correlated with fetlock osteoarthritis in racehorses. There is emerging evidence for the role of the immune system in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology; however, little is known about how immune cells and the synovial transcriptome are altered in naturally occurring equine OA. Objective: To evaluate synovial fluid (SF) and synovial membrane (SM) immune cell populations and the SM transcriptome in racehorses with fetlock OA. Methods: Cross-sectional cadaver study. Methods: Fetlock joints from racehorses euthanised at NY racetracks were considered for inclusion. SF and SM were analysed by flow cytometry using T-cell (CD3, CD4, CD8) and macrophage...
Comparative analysis of mRNA and circRNA expression profiles and interaction networks in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses before and after sexual maturity. Mongolian horses, celebrated for their resilience and adaptability, undergo marked physiological transformations during sexual maturation. This study employed whole-transcriptome sequencing to conduct a comparative analysis of mRNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles, along with their interactive regulatory networks, in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses pre- and post-sexual maturity. Histological examinations using hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining revealed distinct morphological differences between sexually immature and mature testicu...
Downregulation of a choline transporter gene in equine colitis indicates a role for choline supplementation to support the large intestinal epithelial barrier. Acute colitis is an inflammatory condition of the equine colon associated with high morbidity and mortality. In these horses, epithelial barrier function is critical but the mechanisms underlying large intestinal epithelial damage and recovery are incompletely understood. Objective: Our objectives were to (1) identify intestinal colitis-associated transcriptional pathways, and (2) determine the effect of in vitro choline supplementation on the epithelial barrier. Methods: We performed RNA-sequencing on rectal biopsies from healthy and colitis horses (n=3/group). Downregulated SLC5A7, a gene en...
ATAC-seq and RNA-seq reveal key genes and pathways regulating lactation in the mammary gland of Yili horses. BACKGROUND: Mammary gland development and lactation are dynamic biological processes governed by coordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression. RESULTS: We performed paired ATAC-seq and RNA-seq profiling to characterize stage-associated chromatin accessibility and transcriptional programs in the Yili horse mammary gland. Using a conservative overlap-based integration, we prioritized candidate genes showing concordant changes across both layers as hypothesis-generating signals for future functional studies. We sequenced mammary gland tissues from early lactation (S1) and pe...
Integrating clinical and rna-seq findings in a mare with recurrent endocrinopathic laminitis linked to equine metabolic syndrome. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is characterized by insulin dysregulation and obesity, which increase the risk of the development of hyperinsulinemia-induced laminitis (HAL). The present report describes a case of severe endocrinopathic laminitis associated with EMS, refractory to treatment. A 5-year-old mare with recurrent HAL presented transient relief upon a low nonstructural carbohydrate diet and conventional therapy. An SGLT2 inhibitor was introduced to reduce resting insulin levels, and improvement was observed until October 2024, when the most severe episode started. Despite adding perg...
Relationship between the estrus duration in cyclic mares and the endometrial gene expression on day 7 post-ovulation. This study investigated the effect of estrus duration on endometrial gene expression in cyclic mares on Day 7 post-ovulation, focusing on transcripts relevant to early pregnancy: uterocalin (P19), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), progesterone receptor (PGR), and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1). Twelve mares were classified according to the estrus duration in long estrus (LE, ≥ 3 days of endometrial edema; n = 7) or short estrus (SE, 0.1). ESR1 expression was undetectable in all samples. These findings suggest that prolonged estrus enhances P19 e...
Unraveling the Molecular Mechanism of Bider Marking Formation in Dun Mongolian Horses Through Transcriptome Sequencing. (1) Background: The "Bider" marking refers to the symmetrical black stripes distributed on the shoulder blades of Dun Mongolian horses, representing an ancestral trait of significant genetic value. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its formation remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the molecular basis of these markings by comparing transcriptomic differences in skin tissues from variously pigmented areas of Mongolian horses' "Bider" patterns. (2) Methods: Using three Dun Mongolian horses as subjects, skin tissue samples were collected from their shoulders (dark-marked and li...
Mucosal T cell activation pathways are upregulated by equine herpesvirus type 1 infection. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is a high morbidity and mortality virus that impacts horse populations worldwide. As a respiratory virus, it enters through the upper respiratory tract (URT), where mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in preventing severe disease. In this study, flow cytometry was used to characterize the nasal leukocyte population during EHV-1 infection, and RNA sequencing of nasal secretions was employed to assess transcriptional markers of the mucosal immune response. Horses with distinct immune statuses were compared at four stages: pre-infection, early (day 1 and 3 post...
Multi-omics profiling of the testes in Kazakh horses across sexual maturation. Equus caballus is a species of considerable economic and cultural significance. However, the regulatory networks involved in equine sexual maturation remain unclear and eventually limit its reproduction and utilization. In this study, testicular tissues from eight Kazakh horses at two developmental stages (2 years, representing pre-maturation, and 3 years, representing post-maturation) were analyzed using whole transcriptome sequencing, data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics, and untargeted metabolomics. An integrated regulatory network was constructed encompassing ceRNA, mRNA, prot...
