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The effects of upper airway obstruction on oxygen consumption and ventilatory variables in Colombian criollo horses. While conditions associated with upper airway obstruction (UAO) are reported in Colombian Criollo horses, their effect on ventilation and performance is unknown. Objective: To investigate how oxygen consumption ($dot{rm V}$O2), ventilation,, and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are affected by UAO in horses performing at natural gaits. Methods: Twenty-three client-owned Colombian Criollo horses. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study assigned horses to a control (C), or UAO group after overground endoscopy. All horses performed a standardized submaximal exercise test while ...
Phenotypic characterization through identification of gait and coat color phenotype of the Mountain Pleasure Horse. Phenotypic characterization of traits like gait and coat color is useful for minor breed identification and conservation. The Mountain Pleasure Horse (MPH) is a minor American breed as it is listed as threatened by the Livestock Conservancy. Objective: The study objective was to utilize phenotypic characterization for identifying gait and coat color phenotype of the MPH. Methods: Gait was characterized utilizing frame-by-frame analysis to identify spatiotemporal variables of purebred horses (n = 6) performing the flat walk and saddle rack. Coat color was characterized using coat color assi...
Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel alters synovial immune pathways in equine experimental osteoarthritis. To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unassigned: Osteoarthritis was induced in 1 middle carpal joint of 16, 2- to 5-year-old horses (7 mares and 9 geldings) via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in combination with exercise on a high-speed treadmill; the contralateral limb underwent a sham operation. Horses were exercised 5 days per week, beginning on day 16 postoperatively. The osteochondral fragment joint was injec...
Follicular growth and atresia at the time of oocyte aspiration differentially affect in vitro embryo production in mares. Ovum pick-up (OPU) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is increasingly used in horses, yet embryo production rates remain variable, potentially reflecting differences in oocyte developmental competence at the time of aspiration. We investigated whether the stage of the follicular wave, growth phase (GP) versus atresia phase (AP), and associated endocrine profiles in mares, influence oocyte developmental competence. Mares underwent follicular ablation to synchronize follicular waves, and oocytes were aspirated during GP or AP for in vitro production of embryos. Serum concentrati...
Parascaris spp. induced surgical colic in juvenile horses-A Scandinavian perspective. Parascaris spp. commonly infects foals, and high burdens can cause fatal small intestinal impactions. Progressive anthelmintic resistance poses a risk for an increase of Parascaris spp. related disease in juvenile horses. Objective: To investigate Parascaris-related surgical intestinal lesions, with special emphasis on ascarid impactions, in Scandinavia by exploring (1) disease occurrence and (2) short-term survival rates after laparotomy in affected foals and yearlings. Methods: Restrospective case series. Methods: A retrospective clinical record search was conducted at six Scandinavian equin...
Comparative hematological and serum biochemical profiling of grassland Xichun and Xilingol horses. The Grassland Xichun horse is an emerging crossbred population developed from Xilingol mares and Thoroughbred stallions in Inner Mongolia, China, yet its blood physiological profile has not been systematically characterized. In this study, we compared 32 hematological and serum biochemical parameters between 177 Grassland Xichun horses and 35 Xilingol horses maintained under the same extensive grazing conditions. Following Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction, 17 of 32 parameters differed significantly between breeds. Grassland Xichun horses showed markedly higher RBC count (9.145 vs 7.905 × 10...
The Occurrence of Bacterial Infections in Equine Wounds and Abscesses in Horses from 2019 to 2023. Bacterial infections in equine wounds are common and can complicate treatment and healing. This five-year retrospective study examined 2844 samples from wounds and abscesses from horses in Germany (2019-2023), analyzing bacterial prevalence by care setting and geographical region. A total of 4464 bacterial isolates were identified, with β-hemolytic streptococci (20.6%), (15.6%), and (13.0%) being the most common. Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) accounted for 35.9% of isolates. Resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins was detected in 15.2% of isolates. Samples from clinics s...
Mitochondrial Adaptations to Exercise Training in Equine Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review. The horse represents one of the most physiologically specialized athletic mammals, capable of sustaining both high-intensity and prolonged exercise. Central to this remarkable performance capacity is the metabolic adaptability of skeletal muscle and its mitochondrial network. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from equine, human, and rodent studies on exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling in equine skeletal muscle. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using terms related to equine exercise physiology, mitochondrial biolog...
Synovial transcriptomic biomarkers predict structural severity in equine osteochondral fragment-induced experimental osteoarthritis. Develop a global joint score (GJS) reflecting equine osteoarthritis (OA) structural severity and identify clinical or molecular parameters predicting disease severity. Unassigned: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from horses (n = 104; 58 females and 46 geldings; 2 to 5 years old) undergoing experimental OA induction via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in the middle carpal joint and high-speed treadmill exercise over 70 days. Longitudinal measures included subjective lameness examinations (lameness, effusion, and flexion), synovial fluid (SF) and serum glycosaminoglyca...
Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in Horses in Shanxi Province, North China. (synonyms and ) and sp. are prevalent zoonotic intestinal protozoans with significant public health and economic importance. Both parasites infect various hosts, including humans and most livestock. can cause infections ranging from asymptomatic carriage to clinical manifestations such as acute diarrheal disease, growth stunting and malabsorption, whereas sp. infection is often asymptomatic and its pathogenicity remains debated. Following the rapid expansion of modern equine industries (horse racing, equestrian sports, production, and tourism), concern about the spread of parasitic diseas...
A Case of Separate os tarsale primum in a Horse. Anatomical variation in the equine tarsus may involve either fusion of the with the or the presence of a separate . The distal row of tarsal bones is therefore of particular anatomical interest, as an independent first tarsal bone has been only sporadically documented in previous studies. In this study, twelve equine tarsal joints were examined using macroscopic and radiographic methods. In eleven specimens, six tarsal bones were identified, whereas in one specimen (1/12, 8.3%), seven tarsal bones were observed due to the presence of an independent with an irregular cuboid shape. Radiograph...
Development of a rapid and highly accurate diagnostic test for detecting Theileria equi in horses using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay. Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a protozoan disease in horses, mainly caused by Theileria equi, and is associated with non-specific signs such as fever, anemia, and edema. The lack of specific clinical signs, coupled with the high prevalence of carrier horses, highlights the critical need for a rapid and highly accurate diagnostic test for the detection of Theileria equi. Existing methods, including molecular, serological, and microscopic techniques, require specialized equipment, skilled personnel, and considerable time. The current study aims to develop a rapid and accurate assay for the detect...
Rider dislodgement events in U.S. steeplechase racing: participation outcomes in riders and horses. Steeplechase jockeys compete in high-risk races requiring horses and riders to clear fixed obstacles at speed. Although rider dislodgement events are recognized hazards, their incidence and participation consequences are not well characterized. Methods: This retrospective observational study used publicly available race charts from United States National Steeplechase Association races (2023-2025). Dislodgement events were defined as falls or lost rider events. Incidence rates were calculated per 1,000 starts, and timber and hurdle races were compared using Poisson regression. Rider interruptio...
Glandular gastric disease prevalence in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) and other gastric findings: post-mortem comparative study. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) has limited prevalence studies and scarce understanding of the predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the post-mortem prevalence of EGGD and other gastric lesions in Colombian equids, specifically horses, donkeys, and mules. The study utilized a sample of 300 equids stomachs, with 100 specimens from each group, collected immediately after slaughter. The post-mortem examination included a thorough inspection of the ventral fundus, adjacent area of the margo plicatus, and ...
Comparison of palpation and ultrasonography findings in supraspinous ligaments of horses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of palpation as a diagnostic tool for supraspinous ligament injuries in horses. Diagnosis of SSL injuries typically relies on a combination of clinical examination and ultrasonographic findings. To the authors' knowledge, no previous studies have specifically investigated palpation as a diagnostic measure for these injuries. Unassigned: This retrospective study analyzed data from 126 horses resented to the University Veterinary Teaching Hospital for back pathology. Inclusion criteria required horses to have a documented descriptive palpator...
Feasibility and safety of repeated 23% hypertonic saline boluses for electrical impedance tomography contrast enhancement in anaesthetised horses. Hypertonic saline (HS) has been used to enhance electrical impedance tomography (EIT) cardiac-related signals associated with pulmonary perfusion in other species, but its suitability and physiological effects in horses are unknown. This exploratory study aimed to determine whether intravenous administration of 100 mL of 23% HS produces a detectable change in thoracic impedance in anaesthetised horses, and to evaluate the physiological effects of repeated bolus administration. Six adult horses were anaesthetised twice using total intravenous anaesthesia. Hypertonic saline 23% was administered ...
Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Equine Asthma: Primary Inflammatory Triggers, Neuroimmune Modulation and Chronic Airway Remodelling. Equine asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract, primarily associated with inhalation of organic dust, microbial particles and environmental aeroantigens. Although the inflammatory and immunological mechanisms underlying equine asthma have been extensively investigated, the potential contribution of neuroimmune pathways remains poorly understood. In humans and rodent models, asthma is increasingly recognised as a disorder involving complex bidirectional interactions between the nervous and immune systems. Sensory nerve activation, neuropeptide release, autonomic ...
Signal-averaged electrocardiography in horses: characteristics of ventricular late potentials in healthy Thoroughbreds and horses with cardiac abnormalities. Sudden death in horses, often attributed to lethal arrhythmias, poses significant welfare and economic risks, yet its prediction remains challenging. This study aimed to characterize ventricular micro-potentials using signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG) and evaluate their potential for assessing sudden death risk. High-resolution orthogonal X-, Y-, and Z-lead ECGs were recorded in 24 healthy Thoroughbreds (aged 2-31 years), one horse with bupivacaine-induced myocardial injury, and three horses with persistent pathological murmurs. SAECG parameters, including filtered QRS duration (fQRS...
Prevalence, molecular characterization and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses from diverse husbandry systems across four provinces of northern and eastern China. Cryptosporidium is an obligate intracellular zoonotic protozoan causing diarrheal disease in humans and animals globally. Horses have more frequent close contact with humans through equestrian sports, breeding, and cross-regional trade. However, comprehensive molecular epidemiological data on diverse equine husbandry systems in China are limited. We tested 412 fecal samples from horses across four Chinese provinces via small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). C. parvum and C. equi were subtyped using the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene, and C. andersoni ...
Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Gentamicin in Healthy Young-Adult and Geriatric Horses. Aging may modify the pharmacokinetic disposition and excretion of gentamicin, although drug dose adjustments in aged horses are uncommon in clinical practice. Since high-dose, once daily dosing of gentamicin is considered therapeutically most effective, a comparative single-dose study was conducted to evaluate the differences in pharmacokinetics between healthy young-adult (5-10 years) and geriatric (≥ 25 years) horses receiving 6.6 mg/kg gentamicin intravenously. Blood samples were collected at designated time-points following drug administration and frozen at -80°C until assayed b...
Sport predispositions in warmblood horses: insights from Grand Prix competitions. The aim of this study was to pilot the assessment of sport predispositions in warmblood horse breeds, both domestic and foreign, and to evaluate factors influencing their performance. Data from 293 horses (725 starts) competing in national Grand Prix events with obstacle heights of 140-145 cm were analysed using general mixed models. The origins of Polish Halfbred Horses were examined, and correlations between results in the Young Horse Championships and later Grand Prix performance were assessed. Results showed that performance is significantly influenced by genetic factors, such as breed and...
Prevalence and spatial distribution of Brucella spp. seropositive equids from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Brucellosis is a chronic infectious disease in equids, characterized by suppurative lesions in joints and bursae, with potential impacts on animal performance and public health. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and spatial distribution of Brucella spp. seropositive equids in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: A total of 3,858 serum samples from 3,230 horses, 602 mules, and 26 donkeys were analyzed using the Buffered Acidified Antigen Test (AAT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT), following Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture guidelines. Samples were obtained from all municipaliti...
Exploration of the relationship between laboratory stress parameters and leukocyte coping capacity in ponies exposed to repetitive handling during a research project. Stress is an umbrella term indicating increased allostatic load with the potential to reach a pathological state of the organism. In this context, cortisol concentration and neutrophil granulocytes-to-lymphocyte ratio (NEU: LYM) are expected to increase. On the functional pathway, stress reduces the oxidative burst capacity of neutrophils and therefore, the leucocyte coping capacity (LCC) quantifying this oxygen radical generation of neutrophils. Therefore, we hypothesized that in ponies subjected to repetitive handling, LCC will decrease and will be negatively correlated with cortisol concent...
A Breed-Specific SNP Panel With Higher Theoretical Exclusion Power and Practical Equivalence to International Standards for Parentage Testing in Pura Raza Española Horses. Accurate parentage assignment is essential for managing livestock breeding and genetic improvement. This study evaluated a breed-specific SNP panel (375 SNPs) for the Pura Raza Española (PRE) horse, comparing its performance against the traditional STR reference panel (18 microsatellite) and the international ISAG SNP core panel (378 SNPs) across population scenarios differing in levels of inbreeding and kinship. The PRE-specific SNPs were selected from the Axiom EQUIGENE array based on high genotyping reliability (call-rate > 99%), Mendelian error minimization, Hardy-Weinberg equilibr...
Observations on Anti-Predator Defense Behavior in Feral Horses in Venezuela. Apart from vigilance and flight, anti-predator defense behavior in horses has not been well documented despite its importance during natural selection. In this study, observations of a feral herd (around 140) of Venezuelan horses sympatric with puma and jaguar divided such defense into precaution and reaction. Group living and the avoidance of danger areas are precautionary measures enhanced by the stallion's vigilance and his actions to keep small foals with the band. Reactions to perceived threats comprise communication of alarm; bunching, or cohesion, as a primary response; massed flight fo...
Similar locomotor patterns across Quarter Horse disciplines inform lameness assessment. Lineage-based selection is central to the Quarter Horse industry and is often justified by the assumption that morphology determines locomotor function. However, objective evidence linking static conformation to discipline-specific locomotor behaviour under standardised conditions remains limited. Objective: To investigate whether morphological differences among Quarter Horse disciplines are associated with distinct locomotor patterns or whether locomotor function converges across disciplines despite morphological variation. Methods: Cross-sectional. Methods: Barrel racing, reining, and ranch ...
Oscillometric assessment of bronchodilator response in horses with severe asthma during remission. During clinical remission of severe equine asthma (SEA), affected animals can be challenging to distinguish from healthy horses. In humans, the degree of bronchodilation achieved with a β-adrenergic bronchodilator is helpful in differentiating asthmatics from healthy subjects. Objective: To determine whether the response to an inhaled bronchodilator improves the sensitivity of oscillometry in detecting subclinical airway obstruction in horses with asthma. Methods: In vivo experiments. Methods: Nine control university-owned horses and 10 SEA horses in remission from a research herd were studie...
Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in the district of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections constitute a major constraint to equine health and productivity, particularly in tropical regions where climatic and environmental conditions favor parasite survival and transmission. In Côte d'Ivoire, epidemiological data regarding gastrointestinal parasites in horses remain limited, especially in urban and peri-urban settings such as the district of Abidjan. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, diversity, and associated risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites affecting horses in the study area. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional st...
Current consensus and controversies in equine parasite control. Julia Shrubb, chair of CANTER - Controlling ANTiparasitic resistance in Equines Responsibly - takes a look at where there is currently agreement on equine parasite control practices and where debate is ongoing.
Maternal age-related changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and electrolyte homeostasis during equine pregnancy. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a key role in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during pregnancy. In humans and laboratory animals, maternal age has been shown to modulate RAAS activity, potentially altering the secretion of renin (REN), angiotensin II (ANG-II), and aldosterone (ALD), thereby influencing sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺) regulation. Objective: To evaluate whether maternal age influences RAAS activity in pregnant mares. Methods: Forty-five Spanish Purebred mares were monitored monthly over 11 months of pregnancy and categorized into three age groups: You...
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