Topic:Veterinary Care
Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Tracheal wash culture is not associated with bronchial infection, remodelling or inflammation in horses with asthma. Antimicrobials are commonly prescribed for the treatment of equine asthma, despite limited evidence supporting their use. Tracheal wash (TW) bacterial culture results are known to influence antimicrobial prescription decisions. Objective: To determine whether a positive TW bacterial culture in horses with asthma is associated with bronchial infection or colonisation, increased bronchial remodelling and airway inflammation by evaluating the presence of bacteria and airway remodelling in endobronchial biopsies, as well as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology and tracheal mucus scores. Me...
Is there a difference in pressures and forces under the roller with different pads when lunging horses with the Pessoa training aid? Elevated pressures beneath training rollers during the Pessoa training aid (PTA) use have been reported, particularly over the thoracic region, which may contribute to back discomfort. Objective: To investigate the effect of different pads on pressures and forces beneath a training roller during lunging with a PTA. Methods: Six clinically sound horses (13.8 ± 5.2 years) were lunged on a 16-m circle in trot and canter using a randomised crossover design under three conditions: no padding (Pad 1), a folded cotton saddle cloth (Pad 2), and a purpose-made roller foam pad (Pad 3). Kinetic data wer...
Clinical nutrition in equine colic: a scoping review from an equine nutritionist’s perspective. Colic represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in equine medicine, with nutritional management recognized as a key modifiable factor influencing postoperative recovery. However, guiding principles for nutritional enteral support in horses after colic remain limited, and current practices are largely empirical. Objective: This scoping review aimed to (1) examine enteral nutritional support protocols reported in literature through a scoping review to map the available evidence on equine clinical nutrition in the context of colic, and (2) propose a physiology-based interpre...
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Ancient Parasite Meets Modern Compounding. EPM remains particularly rampant in racing populations due to transport stress, young age, and congregate housing conditions. For compounding pharmacists, understanding that we're managing chronic parasite suppression - not achieving cure - fundamentally changes our approach to formulation strategy, stability assessment, and client counseling. The two formulations presented separately represent years of refinement, demonstrating compounding's essential role when commercial products fall short.
Topical treatment of equine aural plaques with nitric acid and zinc solution. Equine aural plaque caused by equine papilloma viruses is common worldwide and affected horses can show severe clinical signs. Due to its viral aetiology, in some countries affected horses are not allowed to compete. Since lesions persist, showing no spontaneous regression, effective and safe treatment is required. Currently, the only treatment with consistent efficacy is imiquimod. Treatment time is prolonged and adverse effects are common. In humans, papilloma warts are successfully and safely treated with topical nitric-zinc complex solutions inducing a painless caustic effect. Objective: T...
Supramolecular Solvent Extraction for Doping Control Analysis of Prohibited Substances in Horse Urine. Despite the recent success in introducing supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS)-based extraction to drug analysis, its application and robustness in day-to-day regular urine testing have yet to be demonstrated. Moreover, the applicability of SUPRAS in equine doping control testing remains unexplored. In this work, we have successfully developed for the first time a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly SUPRAS extraction method for analyzing 76 prohibited substances of different classes (selective androgen receptor modulators, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors...
Modified Medial Canthoplasty for Correction of Euryblepharon in Two Horses. To describe a medial canthoplasty surgical procedure in two horses for correction of euryblepharon, secondary to microphthalmia, and following excision of retrobulbar fat prolapse. Methods: A 1 year old thoroughbred mare was presented for small globes and chronic ocular discharge bilaterally. Ophthalmic examination revealed microphthalmos, euryblepharon, medial canthal pocket syndrome, and dacryocystitis bilaterally with no visual impairments. A 2 year old Appaloosa gelding was presented for evaluation of a smooth, subconjunctival mass anterior to the right globe in the medial canthus. Oph...
Equine autologous platelet concentrate is a leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma with a high interleukin-1Ra-to-interleukin-1β ratio and high transforming growth factor-β1 concentration. To quantify platelets, leukocytes, cytokines, and growth factors in ProVet autologous platelet concentrate (APC). We hypothesized that APC would contain significantly increased leukocytes and platelets compared to whole blood and significantly increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors compared to serum. Unassigned: Blood was obtained from 6 horses and processed to produce APC. Leukocyte and platelet concentrations were quantified in whole blood and APC. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1Ra, and growt...
Survey on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Use in Equine Practice in France and Belgium. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are used in equine practice. Understanding veterinarians' perceptions and practices is crucial for effective implementation. Objective: (1) Evaluate the prevalence, usage patterns and perceived effectiveness of probiotics and FMT among equine veterinarians in France and Belgium. (2) Assess their knowledge, practices and influencing factors across demographics and settings. (3) Explore links between FMT protocols and treatment satisfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: An online survey collected demographic data and responses o...
Re-emergence of equine glanders in Mongolia based on region-wide serosurveillance. Glanders, a zoonotic disease caused by , has re-emerged in Mongolia after decades of control. We conducted nationwide serosurveillance from 2021 to 2024 to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of glanders. Using random 3-stage cluster sampling, we collected 3,001 horse serum samples from 332 herds. Those herds were in 46 soums (administrative districts equivalent to counties) in 13 provinces and in 3 districts in Ulaanbaatar. Sera were tested using the complement fixation test, and positive results were confirmed by immunoblotting and ELISA. Overall seroprevalence was 1.03% (95% C...
Pharmacokinetic analysis and steady-state predictions of different preparations of metronidazole administered per rectum in adult horses. Manipulation of forms of rectally administered metronidazole to improve bioavailability in horses has not been reported. Objective: Evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 3 rectal metronidazole preparations compared to nasogastric (NG) administration. Methods: Seven healthy horses. Methods: Phase 1A was a randomized, 3-way crossover, single-dose pharmacokinetic study, and Phases 1B and 2 were non-randomized, single-dose follow-up studies. Metronidazole (20 mg/kg) was administered NG and rectally in water (RW20), as a rectal gel (RG), and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Metronidazole (80 mg/kg) was a...
The effect of botulinum toxin injection into the deep digital flexor muscle on foot biomechanics in healthy horses. To examine the effects of botulinum toxin inoculation into the deep digital flexor (DDF) muscle on foot biomechanics. Unassigned: 6 healthy horses were injected with botulinum toxin in the DDF of 1 forelimb. The opposite forelimb was untreated. Ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured using a pressure sensor in regions of interest, including the dorsal hoof wall (toe). The location of the center of pressure (COP) was measured relative to the dorsal hoof wall during static standing and at peak stance during walking. Repeat measurements 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after injection were compared t...
Equine lameness detection and monitoring during diagnostic anaesthesia with an instrumented hoof boot. Ground reaction forces are accepted as gold standard for objective assessment of weightbearing lameness but measurements at the hoof are limited to experimental devices. This study aimed to evaluate whether innovative instrumented hoof boots (IHBs) could detect and monitor lameness in horses during diagnostic anaesthesia. Twenty-six horses referred for lameness examination (15 front limbs, 17 hindlimbs) were equipped with IHBs and body mounted inertial sensors. Data were collected simultaneously before and after diagnostic anaesthesia until objectively considered positive. Recorded IHB data i...
Ectopic eruption of a permanent mandibular tooth in a miniature horse: case report. Developmental and eruption abnormalities are common and can result in progressive dental diseases. Ectopic eruption of the affected tooth may be the result of these processes. This study aims to report the occurrence of a permanent mandibular tooth in a horizontal position, with retention of the corresponding deciduous tooth, in a miniature horse. A 2-year-old female miniature horse was admitted to the veterinary hospital with a hard swelling on the left mandibular ramus, which had been growing continuously for three months. After a complete evaluation, it was concluded that the swelling was t...
Ultrasonography accurately detects equine cervical articular process joint effusion with comparable performance to computed tomography. To compare effusion scores obtained via ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) in equine cervical articular process joints (CAPJs). Unassigned: Cadaveric cervical specimens (skull through C7) from 6 horses were used. One specimen was used to establish maximal joint distension volume. In the main study phase, 50 CAPJs were randomly assigned to receive 0, 2, or 4 mL of positive contrast solution. The CAPJs were imaged via US and CT before and after injection. Effusion was subjectively graded on a scale of 0 to 4 for both modalities. Statistical analyses compared pre- and post-injection eff...
Updates on Seizures and Epilepsy in the Horse. The goal of this article is to provide the equine practitioners with a framework for a diagnostic algorithm for the patient presented with possible seizures/epilepsy. Using a comparative approach, a review of companion animal and human research is provided with the intention of expanding our current knowledge on seizure/epilepsy, as well as diagnostic and treatment strategies for equine patients.
Environmental Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Equine Anesthetic Induction and Recovery Box: A Single-Center Study. In horses, surgical site infections (SSIs) are multifactorial complications influenced by patient-related, procedural, and environmental factors. While perioperative contamination has been extensively studied in the operating theater, the anesthetic induction and recovery environment has received limited attention. The aim of this study was to characterize bacterial contamination within an equine anesthetic induction and recovery stall and to evaluate its spatial and temporal distribution. Environmental samples were collected from four predefined locations within the stall at three time points...
Effects of rectal examination on intraocular pressure and behavioral responses in pregnant and non-pregnant mares. Rectal examination is routine in equine reproduction but may trigger acute stress affecting welfare and safety. Intraocular pressure (IOP) responds rapidly to autonomic changes and may capture short-lived stress responses. Objective: To evaluate whether rectal examination acutely affects IOP and behavioral responses in mares, and whether reactions differ by reproductive status. Methods: Twenty Rahvan mares (10 pregnant, 30-40 days' gestation; 10 non-pregnant; 4-7 years) underwent transrectal examination without sedation. IOP was measured bilaterally at six time points: 2 min pre-exam (T1), dur...
Serial postoperative peritoneal fluid analyses in horses with naturally-occurring strangulating and non-strangulating gastrointestinal lesions. To describe characteristics of postoperative peritoneal fluid following exploratory laparotomy for naturally-occurring gastrointestinal lesions in horses. Methods: Prospective, observational cohort study. Methods: A total of 26 client-owned horses that underwent exploratory laparotomy for naturally-occurring gastrointestinal lesions. Methods: Abdominocentesis was performed pre- or intraoperatively, and at three time points postoperatively (24, 72, and 168 h). Peritoneal lactate, total protein (TP), total nucleated cell count (TNCC), cytology, and systemic lactate were performed at each time ...
Unilateral vision loss associated with corneal opacity and posterior lens luxation in the right eye of a Thoroughbred gelding: Case report. A 15-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for examination due to chronic corneal opacity in the right eye, which had been noted for several years. An ophthalmic evaluation revealed dense, irregular corneal opacity; an absence of the direct pupillary light reflex; and a positive dazzle reflex. Fluorescein staining was negative and cytology of a corneal conjunctival swab identified nucleated squamous epithelial cells, but no inflammatory cells. Slit-lamp examination failed to visualize intraocular structure, and the lesion was deemed to be chronic and irreversible. An obstacle-avoidance t...
Obtention and preliminary clinical evaluation of an equine albumin for intravenous administration in adult Colombian Creole Horses (Equus ferus caballus). Albumin is one of the most abundant and physiologically important blood protein in horses due to its ability to regulate vascular volume and transport blood metabolites or drugs. Despite the importance of this protein, in Colombia there is no previous reference of the use of equine albumin in horses as a pharmacological therapy and there is no available any pharmaceutical preparation of this protein to be administrated in horses. This study aims to evaluate for first time the preliminary clinical response of healthy adult Colombian Creole horses after the intravenous administration of an equin...
Bilateral hindlimb superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in a sports horse. Superficial digital flexor tendinopathy is a common cause of forelimb lameness in Thoroughbred racehorses and sports horses; however, this condition is rarely observed in the hindlimb. A 16-year-old Irish sports horse gelding was presented with bilateral swelling in the plantar metatarsal region and severe bilateral hindlimb lameness visible at the walk. The lameness occurred after the cross-country phase of an eventing competition. The clinical suspicion of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury was confirmed after ultrasonographic examination, which revealed an extensive core lesion...
Parasite management practices used by owners of Australian Pony Club horses and the factors influencing their decision-making processes. There is a lack of information on horse parasite management practices currently used by individual horse owners in Australia. A voluntary, anonymous online survey was developed for and distributed by Pony Club Australia to its members seeking information on horse population; housing; paddock, manure and parasite management; and owner attitudes. From a total of 98 completed responses, 95/98 of participants indicated their horses spent time in paddocks, 91/98 administered anthelmintics, 42/98 guessed their horse's body weight for dosing, 78/98 recalled the dewormer brand or active ingredient las...
Manual graphic roadmap for transarterial coil embolization of guttural pouch arteries in horses: A technical note. This technical note describes the use of a manual graphic roadmap (MGR) to assist fluoroscopic guidance during transarterial coil embolization (TACE) for guttural pouch (GP) arterial hemorrhage. Horses underwent MGR-assisted TACE at the Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, between 2012 and 2024. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Following the initial angiogram, a transparent foil was secured to the fluoroscopy monitor, and an assistant traced the vascular anatomy with a waterproof marker to create the MGR, which then served as a guide for catheter ...
3D printed aiming device for equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: Ex vivo study. To determine the benefit of using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed titanium aiming device for placing two 5.5-mm transarticular screws during proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in equine species. Methods: Ex vivo study. Methods: A total of 40 cadaveric forelimbs from adult horses. Methods: A senior surgeon and a first-year resident each performed 20 constructs: 10 using the device and 10 using a freehand technique. Procedure duration and number of intraoperative radiographs were recorded. Final radiographs were evaluated by an ECVS-certified surgeon unaware of treatment group, b...
Proctectomy with coloanal anastomosis in horses – a cadaveric study. Rectal amputation is a surgical approach indicated for the management of severe rectal lacerations or extensive rectal prolapse when transmural compromise or primary repair is unfeasible. These conditions, although uncommon, present substantial challenges in equine practice due to the anatomical complexity of the pelvic region and the potential for life-threatening complications if not adequately addressed. This study aimed to describe and standardize a reproducible surgical technique for rectal amputation in horse cadavers. Six equine cadavers (mean body mass, 441.83± 66.84 kg) were position...
Ertapenem Pharmacokinetics in Equine Plasma and Synovial Fluid Following a Single Intravenous Dose. This study describes the pharmacokinetics of ertapenem, a carbapenem antimicrobial that has not been previously studied in equids. Administered as a 30 mg/kg intravenous bolus to six healthy horses, serial blood and synovial samples were obtained over 8 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma and synovial fluid was performed. In plasma, the AUC was 353.10 h × μg/mL (CV = 49.02%), Vss 79.34 mL/kg (CV = 22.85%), CL 84.96 mL/h/kg (CV = 31.31%) and t1/2 2.03 h (CV = 15.32%). In synovial fluid, the AUC was 524.10 h × μg/mL (CV = 16.03...
Hemithyroidectomy due to a large, solid follicular thyroid adenoma in a 19-year-old thoroughbred mare. This case report describes the successful hemithyroidectomy of the largest equine solid follicular adenoma described in the veterinary literature to date. A 19-year-old thoroughbred mare was referred to Oakhill Veterinary Centre for the surgical removal of a large, left-sided thyroid gland measuring 26cm in diameter. Pre-operative considerations, the hemithyroidectomy surgical technique as well as the intra- and post-operative complications encountered, are discussed. Following surgery the horse had no long-term complications and continues to thrive four and a half years post-operatively.
Verifying thoroughbred racehorse fatalities through Equibase chart review. Equibase (EQB) race charts provide the official record of North American Thoroughbred races and often document catastrophic injury, euthanasia, or equine-ambulance transport. Because chart documentation and regulatory classification differ, fatalities occurring > 72 hours after a race fall outside international regulatory definitions applied by the Equine Injury Database (EID) and may not appear in EID aggregates. EQB charts confirm horse identity, race participation, finishing status, and last recorded start. Horseracing Wrongs (HRW), an advocacy group, publishes horse-level fatality data tha...
Standing superficial keratectomy provides long-term control of epithelial and stromal equine immune-mediated keratitis. To describe the demographics and treatment outcomes of horses definitively diagnosed with epithelial or stromal immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) by use of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and/or histopathology. Unassigned: Medical records of horses presented to the Cornell University Equine Hospital definitively diagnosed with epithelial or stromal IMMK with IVCM and/or histopathology between 2020 and 2024 were reviewed. Patient signalment, affected eye(s), diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes were assessed. Unassigned: 22 horses met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 16.9 years (SD, ...