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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Bexagliflozin controls hyperinsulinemia in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. To evaluate bexagliflozin for insulin control in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation. Unassigned: In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 10 client-owned Arabian horses with hyperinsulinemia (> 30 μIU/mL) were treated with bexagliflozin (0.03 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA03) or placebo control for a 10-day treatment period, crossing over after a 4-day washout. After a further 12-day washout, 8 of the horses were treated with bexagliflozin (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA06) for an additional 7-day treatment period. Oral sugar tests were performed at the beginning of e...
Detection of papillomavirus DNA in uterine flushing samples from healthy mares reveals diverse genotypes with differing host ranges. A molecular study to assess the presence of some papillomaviruses was performed on 105 uterine flushing samples of healthy mares using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR). Bovine, equine, and ovine papillomavirus DNA was detected in 27 uterine flushing samples through dPCR (~ 25.71%); qPCR was able to detect 18 positive samples (~ 17.14%). Differences between the two molecular protocols were significant as shown by McNemar's test (p˂ 0.005). EcPV DNA was detected in 10 samples by dPCR (~ 9.52%) of uterine flushing samples. qPCR detected EcPV DN...
A novel flowable calcium silicate cement for endodontic therapy in equine teeth. Equine endodontic treatment for apical infections is performed infrequently due to anatomical and accessibility challenges of equine cheek teeth. However, the alternative of extraction is not without risk and lifelong implications for the horse. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), a calcium silicate cement (CSC), has been used successfully in human dentistry for decades. MTA and other CSCs demonstrate excellent biocompatibility with favourable antimicrobial and physicochemical properties. These characteristics may support their application as an alternative filling material when used in equine e...
Molecular detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in mares with reproductive disorders enrolled in embryo transfer programs. Equine genital leptospirosis (EGL) is associated with reproductive disorders in mares. However, its occurrence in embryo transfer (ET) programs remains poorly characterized. Objective: Given the scarcity of data on the circulation of Leptospira spp. in mares enrolled in ET programs, this study aimed to investigate the serological and molecular occurrence of Leptospira spp. in mares with a history of reproductive disorders from 13 stud farms dedicated to embryo transfer in Brazil. Methods: Serum and endometrial cytobrush samples (ECS) were collected from 70 unvaccinated mares. Serological analy...
Sensitive and selective quantification of elcatonin in equine plasma and urine using LC-FAIMS-MS/MS. The use of drugs for enhancing bone strength is prohibited under international regulations governing horse racing and equestrian sports. Elcatonin, a synthetic peptide with analgesic and bone-strengthening properties, is routinely monitored for compliance. However, its cyclic structure and high molecular weight hinder reliable detection. In this study, we developed and validated a sensitive liquid chromatography-high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying elcatonin in equine plasma and urine. Sample preparation was optimised via weak...
FGF2, LIF, and IGF1 supplementation during in vitro maturation or culture improves equine ICSI embryo development in an age-dependent manner. Ovum pickup (OPU) combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has reshaped equine assisted reproduction, enabling embryo production from mares and stallions with constrained breeding opportunities; however, limited efficiency of in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro culture (IVC) continues to hinder embryo production. Growth factor supplementation with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in combination (FLI) has been shown to enhance oocyte and embryo developmental competence in several species. Objective: This...
Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from members of the families camelidae and equidae worldwide: a systematic review. Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite with a global distribution and significant public health and veterinary treatment implications. The present systematic review collates worldwide information on the genotypic diversity of T. gondii isolates infecting Camelidae (camels, alpacas, llamas, etc.) and Equidae (horses, donkeys, zebras, mules, etc.) and highlights their potential role as sentinels of environmental contamination and zoonotic spread. An exhaustive literature search of six electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Google Scholar) from ...
Evaluation of synthetic peptides derived from glycoproteins gp45 and gp90 as candidates for the immunodiagnosis of equine infectious anemia. The international scientific community continues to promote the development of diagnostic techniques with improved performance and novel capture antigens. On this basis, two synthetic peptides derived from gp45 and gp90 were evaluated to identify the best candidate for the indirect immunodetection of infection. In both assays, 68 serum samples from naturally infected horses in Granma Province (59 seropositive and 9 seronegative), previously classified using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, were analyzed. The diagnostic performance of each candidate peptide was assessed by calculating ...
Global prevalence and epidemiological determinants of African horse sickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly fatal, vector-borne viral disease of equids with substantial economic and animal health impacts, particularly in endemic regions. Despite numerous epidemiological studies, reported prevalence estimates remain highly variable, and a comprehensive quantitative synthesis is lacking. This study aimed to systematically evaluate and synthesize the global prevalence of AHS and to identify sources of epidemiological heterogeneity. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with the protocol registered in the Open Scie...
Feasibility study of microbubble enhanced echocardiography in normal horses. Intrapulmonary shunting, a contributor to hypoxemia in both anesthetized and spontaneously breathing horses, may occur in association with pulmonary disease, general inhalation anesthesia, or systemic inflammation. In human medicine, transthoracic microbubble-enhanced echocardiography is a widely used method to detect intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting, especially in hepatopulmonary syndrome. This study aimed to adapt and evaluate the feasibility of this technique in horses, laying the groundwork for future clinical applications. Twelve healthy horses underwent two treatments: (1) infusion ...
Comparison of in vitro degradation of immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin in equine blood measured by two immunoassay methods. This study compared the in vitro stability of equine plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and serum insulin measured by chemiluminescent assay (CLA; Siemens Immulite 2000XPi) and immunofluorescent assay (IFA; Tosoh AIA-900) after storage at 4°C or room temperature (approximately 21°C) for clinically relevant periods. Fresh equine EDTA blood for ACTH and coagulated blood for insulin were aliquoted and analysed immediately (T0) and after storage. ACTH was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 hours; insulin was assessed at 24 hours, 72 hours and 7 days. Percentage recovery relative to T0 was analyse...
Historical perspectives guide advances in equine minimally invasive soft tissue surgery. Equine minimally invasive soft tissue surgical techniques have increased in demand and frequency with concurrent expansion of training programs under the oversight of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Benefits of recent advances in laparoscopic techniques include reduced cost and risk associated with general anesthesia and anesthetic recovery, improved visualization of the surgical field relative to open procedures, and more rapid return to performance, further improving patient welfare and limiting economic loss to the industry following surgical interventions. The evolution of lap...
Accuracy of large language model-based artificial intelligence tools for equine topics. Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms are becoming increasingly popular as resources for equine information. However, these platforms generate responses from a wide range of sources and do not always distinguish between fact and opinion. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy and quality of AI-generated answers to equine-related questions. Researchers hypothesized that AI platforms could answer basic equine questions effectively but would perform poorly on complex topics or questions. Methods: Forty questions were written covering general horse care, facilities mana...
Unusual, fatal neck cancer in a foal: immunohistological investigations and differential diagnosis. Neck masses may represent a diagnostic challenge for equine veterinarians, since they may involve different structures with a similar clinical appearance. Whereas neck masses in foals mostly result from non-neoplastic conditions, including various congenital abnormalities, neoplastic cervical masses have been rarely documented. This report describes the unusual case of a rapidly growing neck cancer in a four-month-old colt, resulting in a fatal outcome. Gross and immunohistological findings were most consistent with a poorly differentiated thymic carcinoma with sarcomatoid features and multifo...
Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor (SGLT2i) in Horses After Enteral Administration. Ertugliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor that has demonstrated promise as a treatment for hyperinsulinaemia in horses. Despite the frequent use of ertugliflozin in equine clinical practice, the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses has not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of one supratherapeutic dose (0.25 mg/kg) of ertugliflozin in eight horses. Horses were defined as being healthy by physical examination, haematological, blood biochemical and oral sugar test (OST) results. Plasma concentrations of ertugliflozin were qu...
Retrospective assessment of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) genotype-associated clinical disease in Ontario. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important viral pathogen in horses, associated with diverse clinical manifestations including fever, upper and lower respiratory disease, neurological signs, ocular disease, and abortion. Currently, EHV-1 variants (genotypes) are classified based on a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation of the open reading frame 30 (ORF30). Unassigned: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the EHV-1 genotypes present in horses with various clinical presentations, including respiratory disease, abortion, and neurological disease, at a referral center in ...
Influence of Housing and Fecal Egg Count on Cytokine Profiles (IL-4 and IL-13) in Equines. Strongyles are parasitic roundworms that cause significant gastrointestinal infections in equines, primarily through contact with infected soil. Worldwide, strongylosis affects nearly 90% of horse populations. Objective: The objectives of our study were to determine if there was a relationship between fecal egg count (FEC) and housing types on interleukin IL-4 and IL-13. Methods: Horses (N=25) were separated into two groups based on housing conditions: pasture (housed on pasture 24/7; PS, N=13) and semi-intensive (housed in stalls with turnout overnight; SI, N=12). Within each housing group, t...
Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias with oral sotalol in four horses. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in horses can require medical intervention. Prompt pharmacological treatment is indicated when the arrhythmia leads to hemodynamic or electrical instability. Established antiarrhythmic treatment of VA in horses includes lidocaine and magnesium, administered parenterally. Other antiarrhythmic agents are used; however, concerns regarding adverse effects, financial restrictions, logistics of administration, and lack of access often limit their use. While anecdotal reports of oral administration of sotalol for treatment of VA in horses exist, sotalol has pri...
The immediate effect of whole-body vibration therapy on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses with thoracolumbar pain. Treating primary back pain in horses can be challenging and often necessitates a multimodal approach. Whole-body vibration therapy (WBV) has been used in both horses and humans to alleviate pain and strengthen muscles. A recent study showed worsening back pain following a 30-minute session of WBV; however, the immediate effects of WBV were not evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate effects of whole-body vibration therapy on horses with back pain after a single session of WBV. Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the immediate effects on mecha...
Prepubic Tendon Rupture and Uterine Herniation in a Late-Term Kurdish Mare: A Case Report. Prepubic tendon rupture (PPTR) is a rare but life-threatening complication in late-term pregnant mares. It results in abdominal wall failure, ventral oedema and a poor prognosis for both the mare and foetus. A 14-year-old multiparous Kurdish mare at approximately 310 days of gestation presented with acute ventral distension, reluctance to walk and cranial displacement of the udder. Clinical evaluation revealed tachycardia, pallor and Grade 3/4 ventral oedema. Haematology indicated leucocytosis and haemoconcentration. Transabdominal ultrasonography showed a viable foetus and severe thinning of ...
In vitro cultivation of Trypanosoma equiperdum: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo antigens for an ethical and sustainable serological diagnosis of Dourine. The protozoan Trypanosoma equiperdum is the causative agent of Dourine, a contagious sexually transmitted disease of equines that can manifest itself in chronic or acute form. Dourine has serious veterinary and economic implications, as there are no vaccines available for prevention and the management of the disease requires the culling of infected animals, together with rigorous sanitary control measures. This study compares the traditional production of T. equiperdum antigen grown in vivo, with an in vitro cultivation methodology developed to eliminate the use of animals. The in vitro and in...
Heart rate variability in horses with naturally occurring gastric ulcers: Response to omeprazole and sucralfate treatment. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is the most common disease affecting the equine stomach. Heart rate variability (HRV) describes and quantifies the variability between consecutive heartbeats due to the neurohormonal regulation of the heart. It has been considered a non-invasive method to detect autonomic tone changes that can be influenced by pain and disease. Unassigned: This study aimed to assess the HRV indices in horses affected by EGUS submitted or not to treatment. Unassigned: A cohort of 45 mares underwent baseline gastroscopy (T0); 24/45 mares diagnosed with Equine Squamous Gastric...
Clodronate disodium reduced TRAP5b independent of affecting other systemic biomarkers of bone resorption or formation in yearling, exercising Quarter Horses. Clodronate disodium (CD), a bisphosphonate, modulates bone metabolism. Though extra-label use in juvenile horses is anecdotally reported, impacts on skeletal development are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of CD on systemic markers of bone turnover in yearling horses undergoing exercise, hypothesizing that biomarkers of bone resorption would decrease while biomarkers of bone formation would not change, and that repeat CD treatments would have greater effect. To test this, 32 yearling Quarter Horses were used in a 168-d trial. Horses were stratified by age (500 ± 13 d),...
Horse racing towards antibiotic resistance. Accompanying animals as a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is a significant issue in modern infectious medicine and veterinary science, with animals, including horses, playing a crucial role in its dissemination. Antibiotics, used both for treatment and prevention of diseases in animals, influence the composition of the microbiota and promote the selection of resistant strains that can be transmitted to humans through direct or environmental contact. Horses, currently classified as companion animals, serve as a reservoir of commensal and pathogenic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains capable of horizontal gene transfe...
Validation of a stall-side immunoglobulin assay for use in equine reproductive management. Equine foals receive IgG from mare colostrum through passive transfer. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) is a significant risk to the foal's life, leaving them vulnerable to infection and sepsis. Radial Immunodiffusion (RID) and immunoturbidimetric assays quantify IgG present in a foal sample but require a laboratory to complete. Accurate, reproducible, stall-side testing to rapidly quantify IgG would allow for expedited clinical decisions, with potential to improve equine foal care and survival. Objective: To evaluate the analytical and clinical performance of a stall-side IgG lateral-flow te...
Membrane and mitochondrial antioxidants improve post-thaw functional quality of stallion spermatozoa. Cryopreservation of stallion semen induces oxidative stress that compromises sperm motility, membrane integrity, and mitochondrial function. Given the high mitochondrial reliance of equine spermatozoa and their susceptibility to oxidative damage, compartment-specific antioxidant strategies may improve post-thaw functional resilience. This study evaluated the effects of astaxanthin, a membrane-active carotenoid, and MitoTEMPO, a mitochondria-targeted superoxide scavenger, on the functional and oxidative status of frozen-thawed stallion spermatozoa. Ejaculates from nine stallions were cryopreser...
A scoping review of neuroendocrinological biomarkers with potential for use in equine behavioral medicine practice. BACKGROUND: Equine emotion and welfare are of increasing concern to the general public, equestrians and researchers. There is growing demand for more objective indicators of specific emotional states, as well as the well-being of horses in a variety of contexts. Such markers may also assist in both the diagnosis and selection of biological therapies within equine behavioral medicine. RESULTS: This scoping review summarizes and appraises the published findings relating to relevant biological measurements from the last two decades. Particular attention is given to methodological, subject-related...
The incidence of fatal and non-fatal injury in thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses in Louisiana (2014-2022). The objectives of the study were to report the incidence of race-related injuries and equine fatalities in racehorses at the Louisiana racetracks from 2014 to 2022 for both Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses. Additionally, this study evaluated several factors that may be related to the occurrence of race-related injuries in racehorses in Louisiana. The average rates of equine fatal injuries (euthanized on or off track within 72 h of the race) were 1.70 ± 0.76 and 1.94 ± 0.89 per 1000 starts in Thoroughbred and Quarter racehorses, respectively. The average rates of non-fatal injur...
The prevalence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi carriers in the Netherlands. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) carriers are thought to be important drivers for strangles outbreaks. Limited data are available on the prevalence of carriers in European horse husbandry settings. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of S. equi carriers among apparently healthy adult horses and ponies in the Netherlands. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The carrier prevalence in the Netherlands was estimated, detecting carriers by PCR analysis of three repeated nasopharyngeal lavages at weekly intervals. Bayesian methods were used for a true prevalence estimation. Result...
