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Shortening of the forelimb in the horse during the stance phase. Compressions in the forelimb of a horse trotting at 3.7 m/s were studied using high-speed cinematography. From a diagram of shortenings it has been concluded that successive loadings in the longitudinal direction from below signify longer impact time and smaller impact forces compared to a theoretically stiff limb. It is proposed that the limb takes up the impact force passively until the onset of loading at the elbow joint, i.e. 30 ms following first contact.
[Venezuelan equine encephalitis. Determination of antibodies in the human population of Municipio Mirand, Estado Zulia, Venezuela]. With the purpose of determining antibodies prevalence against Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the population of Puertos de Altagracia and Sabaneta de Palmas of Miranda county, Zulia State, Venezuela, 199 subjects were studied: 57 from Puertos de Altagracia and 142 from Sabaneta de Palmas. They were classified in older (42.78%) and younger (57.2%) than 15 years. The blood specimens were processed for Hemagglutination Inhibition Test using EEV antigen Goajira strain at pH 6.5. We found that all 57 specimens from Puertos de Altagracia were negative, whereas of 142 specimens from Sabaneta ...
Kinetic analysis of D-xylose distribution after intravenous administration to mares. Multicompartmental analysis was applied to study the kinetics of D-xylose distribution after IV administration to healthy mares deprived of food for 12 and 96 hours. Urinary excretion of D-xylose was measured over a 15-hour period after administration. The plasma D-xylose concentrations in this study were in the range found after oral tolerance testing. The disposition of D-xylose was described by a two-compartment model with linear kinetic characteristics. Total volume of distribution decreased significantly (P < 0.025) from 0.270 L/kg of body weight after the 12-hour period of food depriv...
Kinetics and pharmacology of estrogens in pre- and postmenopausal women. With the approach of the menopause and the cessation of ovarian estrogen production, a number of uncomfortable and/or dangerous conditions may be manifested, and are all indications for estrogen replacement therapy. Various routes of estrogen administration are available--oral, subcutaneous implant, intravaginal, and transdermal--each having advantages and disadvantages. There is also a choice possible among replacement hormones, which include the natural estrogens, such as estradiol and estropipate; synthetic estrogens, for example, ethinyl estradiol and diethylstilbestrol; and conjugated equ...
A comparison of the traditional Chinese versus transpositional zangfu organ association acupoint locations in the horse. The traditional Chinese (TC) and transpositional (TP) methods of animal acupoint location result in different acupoint charts. Representative TC and TP equine zangfu organ shu-association acupoint charts are compared to each other and to a human chart. Despite their differences, practitioners of both methods appear to achieve equally effective therapeutic results--a phenomenon termed "traditional Chinese/transpositional equal efficacy" (TTEE). Common veterinary acupuncture practices, traditional Chinese medical theory, spinal cord anatomy, and a preliminary equine "association segment" chart a...
Immunochemical studies of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), eCG alpha, and eCG beta. The equine (e) placental glycoprotein hormone eCG plays a critical though not completely understood role during the first trimester of gestation in mares. In the present work, we have developed immunoradiometric assays (m-IRMAs) for detection of eCG, eCG alpha, and eCG beta using combinations of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for epitopes that reside on free and/or combined subunits. The free eCG alpha m-IRMA was based on AHT20 mAb, specific for the free alpha-subunit of all species, and 125I-labeled ECG01 mAb, which recognizes both free and combined alpha-subunit from equine and primat...
[Hemolytic properties of bacteria belonging to the Acinetobacter genus]. Direct and intermediate hemolytic activity of 526 strains of Acinetobacter was investigated. Their ability to produce lipase and lecithinase was also studied. Measurements were performed parallely on human, horse, sheep and bovine erythrocytes. Direct hemolytic activity was exhibited by 16% of tested strains (17 out of 24 strains of A. haemolyticus). Human, sheep and bovine erythrocytes were useful for testing the hemolytic activity of Acinetobacter. The hemolysis was occurring faster and was visible more frequently during incubation at 37 degrees C. Indirect hemolytic activity was observed in...
Coronary arterial anatomy of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). The detailed coronary arterial anatomy of seven camels was studied and compared with that of horses and cattle. In camels, there is a bilateral coronary supply, the right coronary artery being the larger. The left coronary artery follows the same pattern as that in horses. The ramus collateralis proximalis in camels separates off some distance away from the origin of the ramus interventricularis paraconalis, as in horses, whereas it separates of very quickly in cattle. The ramus collateralis distalis has two branches in camels, whereas the left distal ventriculi ramus does not branch. The ramu...
Laboratory transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus to chickens by chicken mites (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Pools of adult female chicken mites, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer), were allowed to feed on chicks that had been inoculated with eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and that had a viremia level of 10(6.2)-10(6.6) plaque-forming units per milliliter of blood. Virus remained detectable by plaque assay in samples of these mites for 30 d after the infectious blood meal. Virus was not recovered from any of 151 progeny of virus-exposed female mites. Mites that had fed on viremic chicks were allowed to feed on naive chicks 3, 7, 11, 15, or 30 d later. EEE virus was transmitted to chicks by ...
High density lipoprotein metabolism in the horse (Equus caballus). 1. Apolipoprotein A-I dependent lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) activity was identified in equine lipoprotein deficient plasma (LPDP). 2. LCAT activity showed no breed or sex variation, and was unaltered postprandially. 3. There was no significant cholesteryl ester transfer activity in equine LPDP. 4. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl sepharose failed to unmask transfer activity or identify an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer. 5. In 12 Shetland ponies, plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations were positively correlated with those of triglyceride, ...
Species difference in modulation of calcium release by Naja naja kaouthia snake venom cardiotoxin in terminal cisternae from human and equine skeletal muscle. The modulation of Ca2+ release by a cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja naja kaouthia snake venom was examined in terminal cisternae-containing fractions from equine and human skeletal muscle. Pretreatment with CTX (10 microM) decreased by 27% (human muscle), or had no effect on (equine muscle), the threshold of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release. If terminal cisternae fractions were first preloaded with Ca2+ to greater than 65% of the threshold of Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release and then CTX added, an immediate and sustained release of Ca2+ occurred in preparations from both species. Addition of CTX after a Ca2...
Complexoproductive and antiheparin properties of low density lipoproteins (LDL). VI. Antiheparin activity in blood plasma of different species of vertebrates. Antiheparin activity of plasma of different species of vertebrates depends to a large extent on contents of low density lipoproteins (LDL). High antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of chicken and human corresponds to high contents of LDL and low antiheparin activity of the blood plasma of horse, cow, sheep, dog and pig corresponds to decreased contents of these proteins. Differences in the contents of fibrinogen, acid alfa1-glycoproteins, globulins, alkaline proteins and antithrombin III activity have smaller influence on antiheparin activity in the blood plasma of the examined animals.
Pinealitis accompanying equine recurrent uveitis. There is no direct verification of pineal gland involvement in human uveitis. Specimens of pineal tissue are not available during active uveitis in human patients. Naturally occurring uveitis in horses gives us an opportunity to examine tissues during active ocular inflammation. We examined the pineal gland of a horse that was killed because it had become blind during an episode of uveitis. The clinical history and histopathology of the eyes were consistent with post-leptospiral equine recurrent uveitis. The pineal gland of this horse had significant inflammatory infiltration consisting mainly...
Effects of holmium:YAG laser on equine articular cartilage and subchondral bone adjacent to traumatic lesions: a histopathological assessment. This study was performed to investigate the effects of holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser energy on articular cartilage and subchondral bone adjacent to traumatically created cartilage lesions in a continuous weight-bearing model. The 2.1-microns wavelength was delivered efficiently and precisely in hand-controlled contact and near-contact hard tissue arthroscopic surgery in a saline medium. Bilateral arthroscopy was performed on normal antebrachiocarpal and intercarpal joints of four adult horses. One hundred twenty traumatic lesions were created on three weight-bearing articular ...
Equine fasting hyperbilirubinemia. It appears that different mechanisms responsible for fasting hyperbilirubinemia may be operative in different mammalian species (and subspecies). An increase in bilirubin production does not seem to occur in the horse, but a decrease in the hepatic uptake of bilirubin has been supported by a number of studies. Even though the delay in plasma elimination could also result from a decrease in hepatic blood flow, this possibility does not seem to play a major role since the hepatic uptake of compounds with low intrinsic hepatic clearance (e.g., ICG and bilirubin) appear to be affected more during ...
Blood chemistry and skeletal muscle metabolic responses to exercise in horses with recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis. Six horses with a history of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) and 7 control horses performed both a 55-min submaximal and later a 10-min near-maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Blood samples were obtained during exercise and gluteus medius muscle biopsies were obtained before and immediately after each exercise test and at 24 h after completion of the submaximal test. Rhabdomyolysis was developed by 3 of 6 RER horses during submaximal exercise and in 1 of the RER horses during near-maximal exercise. Concentrations of potassium, glucose, free fatty acids, ammonia, lactate, cortisol,...
Ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury. The ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in 12 normal and 28 injured superficial digital flexor tendons, with lesions ranging in duration from 2 days to 15 months, were compared. A consistent relationship between the ultrasonographic and histological findings was demonstrated. The echogenicity of lesions, the distinctness of their delineation from the surrounding tissue, and the presence and arrangement of the linear echoes were useful features by which to assess the ultrasonograms. Acute lesions were anechoic, a complex mixture of anechoic and hypoechoic areas, or diffusely hypoech...
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins of equine serum. Ligand blotting analysis of serum from the horse using radiolabelled IGF-I revealed a protein at 96 kDa which was not present in serum from goat, cow, sheep, deer or donkey. These latter species all displayed five labelled bands in the range 24 to 41 kDa. Conversely, these were only weakly labelled in serum from the horse. Size exclusion chromatography of horse serum pre-incubated with radiolabelled IGF-I revealed reduced binding in the 130-kDa peak compared with goat plasma, and ligand blotting analysis indicated the 96-kDa protein was present in this peak. The 96-kDa protein from horse serum...
Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horses: 58 cases (1980-1990). The case records, radiographs, and nuclear bone scans of 58 horses with stress reactions or stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) were reviewed. There were 47 Standardbreds, 4 Quarter Horses, 3 Thoroughbreds, 2 Arabians, 1 Oldenburg, and 1 Pony of America. Fifty-six of the horses were racehorses or performance horses. The mean and median ages of affected horses were 4 and 3 years, respectively. Lameness ranged from mild to severe. Physical findings were usually subtle and included signs of pain on deep palpation of the proximal palmar aspect of MC3 a...
Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony. Hypertrophic osteopathy was diagnosed in 3 horses and in a pony, ranging in age from 8 to 21 years. There were 2 females, 1 sexually intact male, and 1 gelding. In 3 animals, hypertrophic osteopathy was associated with pulmonary abscesses, bronchogenic squamous cell carcinoma, and ovarian granulosa-cell tumor, respectively, and resulted in death or euthanasia. Duration of the condition ranged from 1 to 4 months. In 1 horse, hypertrophic osteopathy was believed to be secondary to pregnancy, and resolved following uncomplicated delivery of a live foal.
L chain isotype regulation in horse. I. Characterization of Ig lambda genes. Analysis of 10 cDNA encoding lambda L chains of horse Ig indicated that this species may employ a relatively small number of variable region (V lambda) genes in the splenic B cell population. The V lambda sequences of all of the cDNA analyzed were closely related (> 88% identity at the nucleotide level) and were characterized by a deletion of the amino acid residue at position 3 compared with V lambda sequences so far described in other species. The 10 V lambda sequences could be grouped into three groups, V lambda 1 to V lambda 3, on the basis of a number of linked substitutions. Sequences...
Epididymal swelling attributable to generalized lymphosarcoma in a stallion. Aspermia was diagnosed in a 12-year-old Thoroughbred stallion with generalized lymphosarcoma. Invasion of the epididymus by neoplastic cells caused thickening and enlargement of both epididymes. The testes were not affected. The nodular ultrasonographic architecture was similar to that in previously reported cases of infectious epididymitis.
Vancomycin kinetics in plasma and synovial fluid following intravenous administration in horses. Vancomycin hydrochloride was infused intravenously (i.v.) over a 30-min period in five horses at doses of 6.6, 11.0 and 15.4 mg/kg. Vancomycin concentration in plasma and synovial fluid samples was measured using a polarization immunoassay. A pharmacokinetic model was developed to accommodate the special features of the present study. The data were described by a two compartment open model with synovial fluid as an additional compartment in exchange with plasma. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) were measured for Staphylococcus aureus and Enteroco...
Crystal structure of a complex between electron transfer partners, cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c. The crystal structure of a 1:1 complex between yeast cytochrome c peroxidase and yeast iso-1-cytochrome c was determined at 2.3 A resolution. This structure reveals a possible electron transfer pathway unlike any previously proposed for this extensively studied redox pair. The shortest straight line between the two hemes closely follows the peroxidase backbone chain of residues Ala194, Ala193, Gly192, and finally Trp191, the indole ring of which is perpendicular to, and in van der Waals contact with, the peroxidase heme. The crystal structure at 2.8 A of a complex between yeast cytochrome c pe...
Antibody to a recombinant merozoite protein epitope identifies horses infected with Babesia equi. Horses infected with Babesia equi were previously identified by the presence of antibodies reactive with a merozoite surface protein epitope (D. P. Knowles, Jr., L. E. Perryman, L. S. Kappmeyer, and S. G. Hennager. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2056-2058, 1991). The antibodies were detected in a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI ELISA) by using monoclonal antibody 36/133.97, which defines a protein epitope on the merozoite surface. The gene encoding this B. equi merozoite epitope was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant merozoite protein, designated equ...
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