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apEvaluation of circulating microRNAs in plasma from horses with non-strangulating intestinal infarction and idiopathic peritonitis. Non-strangulating intestinal infarctions (NSII) associated with Strongylus vulgaris infection and idiopathic peritonitis (IP) share similar clinical presentation but require different treatment approaches. Horses with NSII need surgical intervention, while idiopathic peritonitis cases can be successfully treated with antimicrobials. A correct diagnosis is thus crucial, but because the two diseases overlap in clinicopathological features, differentiation is difficult in clinical practice. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that exhibit measurable changes in abundance in tissues and circulat...
Sinonasal angiofibroma in a horse. A 34-year-old Haflinger gelding presented with a unilateral, expansile, intranasal mass that regrew after partial excision. After euthanasia, a large pedunculated mass that originated from the left caudal maxillary sinus and obliterated the left nasal cavity was seen by radiological and macroscopic examination. Histopathology revealed a poorly cellular, expansile, well-vascularized neoplasm composed of a loosely arranged meshwork of spindle cells and collagen fibres. Spindle cells were immunopositive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and occasionally for vimentin, whereas endothelial cells immunol...
Volume kinetics of lactated Ringer’s solution in adult horses. Fluid therapy in horses is primarily empirical. Evidence-based quantification of the disposition of intravenous (IV) crystalloids used in clinical practice could enhance the effectiveness of fluid therapy. Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics (i.e., volume kinetics: VK) and associated haemodynamic effects of IV lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) in adult euvolemic horses. Methods: Unmasked multiple subjects, single baseline design. Methods: Thirteen healthy, euvolemic adult female horses were administered an IV bolus of LRS and monitored over 4 h. Haemoglobin, albumin and haematocrit c...
Lameness improvement in horses with distal tarsal pain after intra-articular injection of botulinum neurotoxin type A. To evaluate the effect of IA injections of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) in horses with chronic, naturally occurring distal tarsal osteoarthritis. Unassigned: 9 horses were selected after physical and radiographic assessments. Horses also underwent an objective lameness examination and were included if they had a hindlimb impact lameness (Pmin ≥ 3 mm), which positively responded (≥ 50%) to the tarsometatarsal and centrodistal joints' anesthetic block. Horses randomly received an intra-articular injection of BoNT-A or an equivalent volume of saline solution. Horses were reevaluated at pos...
Multiplex PCR-Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Transgenes in Equine Plasma. The development of gene therapy techniques introduces a potential risk of gene doping, which threatens the integrity of sport. In response to this challenge, we have developed a novel analytical method that employs a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in conjunction with liquid chromatography high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) for the simultaneous identification of multiple transgenes in equine plasma within a single reaction. The method targets three potential doping transgenes: equine growth hormone 1 (eGH1), equine growth hormone-releasing hormone (eGHRH), and equi...
Exploring the impact of housing routine on lying behavior in horses measured with triaxial accelerometer. Methods to assess the positive behavior of horses in relation to their environment can be used to provide information to enhance animal welfare. One of the most important experiences that can be observed in mammals is sleep, a universal behavior relevant for the welfare of all species. To achieve paradoxical sleep, horses must lie down in lateral recumbency for a sufficient time, but they only do so when feeling safe and comfortable. Recently, technological tools like accelerometers have opened the possibility of non-invasive continuous monitoring of lying behavior, thus implementing the way w...
Morphological variations of the interatrial septum and potential implications in equine cardiology. The interatrial septum morphology, shaped by the septum primum and secundum fusion, results in the formation of the fossa ovalis (FO) and its limbus. Incomplete fusion can lead to a patent foramen ovale (PFO), while complete fusion may produce septal ridges and pouches (SPs), with SPs in humans linked to ischemic stroke and atrial arrhythmias. In horses, atrial tachycardia and fibrillation often originate near the FO. This study examines adult equine interatrial septum morphology to enhance understanding the region and guide electrophysiological interventions for equine cardiac arrhythmias. Po...
Quantitative detection of Theileria haneyi in South African horses. Theileria haneyi is an apicomplexan parasite closely related to Theileria equi, a known causative agent of equine piroplasmosis. The molecular distinction between these parasites relies on a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, which has been reported to be unreliable. A recently reported indirect ELISA based on equi merozoite antigen 11 (Thema-11) of T. haneyi can detect geographically diverse T. haneyi strains. Since the ema-11 gene is exclusive to T. haneyi, it was chosen as the target for developing a TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB™) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Published...
New Evidence for the Mechanisms of Nanoplastics Amplifying Cadmium Cytotoxicity: Trojan Horse Effect, Inflammatory Response, and Calcium Imbalance. Nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging pollutants worldwide. Particularly worrisome is that although studies have reported that NPs can amplify the biotoxicity of environmental pollutants, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Here, we found that NPs, even without significant toxicity (cell survival: 99.11%), amplified the hepatocyte toxicity of Cd. Mechanistically, higher Cd uptake (Δ = 23.80%) combined with crucial intracellular desorption behavior of Cd loaded in NPs (desorption rate: 82.70%) were identified as prerequisites for NPs amplifying Cd cytotoxicity. As for toxigenic pathways, the inf...
In vitro embryo production via ovum pick-up (OPU) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in pure and crossbred Japanese Hokkaido native ponies. This study evaluated the viability of in vitro embryo production using ovum pick-up (OPU) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) as breeding techniques for pure and crossbred Hokkaido native ponies (n = 9). Oocytes were collected using transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration. ICSI was performed on in vitro matured oocytes using frozen semen. Embryonic cultures were monitored using time-lapse cinematography. Blastocysts were cryopreserved and, after thawing, were transferred non-surgically into recipient mares. Over nine OPU sessions, the mean number of aspirated follicles was 2...
An Ex Vivo Comparison of Stainless Steel Cables to a Non-metallic Polymer Cerclage Cable in an Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthrodesis Model. The aim of this study was to compare the monotonic tensile strength and fatigue strength of a stainless steel cable (SSC) compared to a human non-metallic polymer cable (NMPC) in an metacarpophalangeal joint arthrodesis model lacking a dorsal plate application.An experimental biomechanical equine cadaver limb study. Ten metacarpophalangeal joints were collected from five adult Thoroughbred horses, euthanatized for reasons unrelated to orthopaedic disease. Each pair of metacarpophalangeal joints was randomly instrumented with either a 1.7-mm SSC or a NMPC. Each construct was tested in cyclic ...
Contributing to evidence-based veterinary medicine: A qualitative study of veterinary professionals’ views and experiences of client-owned companion animal research. Research on the outcomes of veterinary treatments in dogs, cats and horses has important benefits for these animals and their owners. However, this information is not always available, and the evidence base is often lower-quality than in human medicine. To identify ways to improve the generation of evidence, we investigated the views of veterinary professionals about research involving companion animal patients and their owners. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with veterinary surgeons and registered veterinary nurses working in UK companion animal clinical practice. Inte...
Potential microbial strains for composting cattle and horse manure. The potential of effective microorganisms in composting animal manure might be significant. This work aimed at isolating promising microbial strains for composting cattle and horse manure. A total of forty-five isolates have been isolated from soils of Northern Kazakhstan as well as cattle and horse manure. These microorganisms were extensively studied for their cellulose-degrading capacity, non-pathogenicity, protease, nitrogenase and catalase activities, as well as their growth stimulation, antagonistic ability, and growth rate. As a result, 21 potent strains were selected and genotyped for ...
Analysis of different techniques for injection of the interspinal space in horses. Impingement of spinous processes (SPs) is commonly diagnosed in the equine athlete. For diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, local injections are performed at the level of the space between adjacent spinous processes in affected horses. Objective: To assess the accuracy of different techniques for the local injection of the interspinal space in the equine thoracolumbar spine. Methods: Ex vivo experimental study. Methods: Equine thoracolumbar spine specimens were used to compare three techniques for needle insertion (midline; bilateral abaxial; unilateral oblique), two needles (20G-1½″; 20G-...
Enhanced Reliability of the Evaluation of Fertility Traits in Pura Raza Española Horses Using Single-Step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction. By simultaneously integrating both genotyped and non-genotyped animals into genetic evaluation, the single-step genomic BLUP method enhanced the accuracy of genetic assessments. This study aimed to compare the increase in prediction reliability (R) between restricted maximum likelihood (REML) and single-step genomic REML (ssGREML) in the Pura Raza Española (PRE) horse breed. The dataset comprised reproductive records for seven fertility traits from 47,502 females, with a total of 57,316 animals represented in the pedigree. A total of 4009 animals were genotyped using the EQUIGENE 90K SNP ar...
Performance horses as a model for exercise-associated cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This paper reviews the myocardial substrate of horses relative to that of humans and discusses the utility of performance horses as a model of exercise-associated cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in athletes. The coronary circulation is similar between the species while coronary artery anomalies and myocardial bridging appear to only be associated with athletic mortality in human athletes and not in performance horses. There are subtle differences in the histology of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, of unknown clinical significance, while the His bundle is more highly innervat...
Molecular assessment of Coxiella burnetii in horses in Northwestern Iran. Q fever is a frequently occurring illness that is induced by the bacterium ) that can infect humans and various animals. It targets the macrophage cells in the tissues, and circulating monocytes. Unassigned: This study was conducted between 2022 and 2023 in the West Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces of northwestern Iran to examine the presence infection of . Specimens were obtained by swabbing from 140 mares (70 from each province) and 20 stallions (10 from each province) which were apparently healthy, and their DNA was analyzed using quantitative PCR assay detecting the element of the bacteri...
Equine infectious anemia virus worldwide prevalence: A 24-year retrospective review of a global equine health concern with far-reaching implications. Equine Infectious Anemia Virus (EIAV), the causative agent of Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), presents a significant threat to equine populations worldwide. While local EIAV prevalence has been estimated in several studies, no global prevalence has been determined. Thus, this study aimed to review the literature on EIAV prevalence in the 21st century. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, SciELO.org, African Journals Online, and NZresearch.org, yielding 105 articles published between January 1st, 2000, and December 31st, 2024 (spanni...
Synovial fluid alpha-2-macroglobulin, gelsolin and lubricin distinguish between osteoarthritic and healthy equine joints. Synovial fluid (SF) is an ideal sentinel fluid for osteoarthritis (OA) diagnosis and prognostication due to its critical homeostatic role, proximity to articular tissues and immune cell composition. Untargeted proteomics enable identification of soluble markers for diagnostic and therapeutic applications while minimising bias. Objective: To use liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to define the SF proteome in horses with and without carpal OA. The goal was to identify differentially regulated proteins in mild-moderate carpal joint disease compared with healthy joints. Meth...
Differentiation of equine paranasal sinus cysts and progressive ethmoid haematomas on computed tomographic images. Paranasal sinus cysts (PSC) and progressive ethmoid haematomas (PEH) are regularly observed in the paranasal sinus system. Due to their different prognosis and treatment options, differentiation of both lesions prior to surgery on computed tomographic (CT) images is important for guidance. It was hypothesised that PSC and PEH can be reliably differentiated on CT images. The database of four European equine referral centres were retrospectively searched for horses that had undergone a CT examination of the head and had a confirmed PSC or PEH. Additionally, cases with confirmed sinusitis were se...
Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus: Epidemiological and Genomic Findings of an Emerging Pathogen in Central Italy. subsp. (SEZ) is a major problem in equine veterinary medicine. Typically, a commensal in horses, SEZ can cause severe disease including respiratory infections, septicaemia and reproductive tract infections under certain conditions. Recent evidence suggests that humans can also develop severe disease infection through direct contact with infected animals or the consumption of contaminated unpasteurised milk and milk products. This study investigates SEZ strains isolated from nasal swabs of equidae in central Italy in 2023 to describe the epidemiology and genomic characteristics of circulating...
The Effect of Filtering on Signal Features of Equine sEMG Collected During Overground Locomotion in Basic Gaits. In equine surface electromyography (sEMG), challenges related to the reliability and interpretability of data arise, among other factors, from methodological differences, including signal processing and analysis. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the filtering-induced changes in basic signal features in relation to the balance between signal loss and noise attenuation. Raw sEMG signals were collected from the quadriceps muscle of six horses during walk, trot, and canter and then filtered using eight filtering methods with varying cut-off frequencies (low-pass at 10 Hz, high-pass at 20 Hz...
Molecular assessment of Coxiella burnetii in horses in Northwestern Iran. Q fever is a frequently occurring illness that is induced by the bacterium ) that can infect humans and various animals. It targets the macrophage cells in the tissues, and circulating monocytes. Unassigned: This study was conducted between 2022 and 2023 in the West Azerbaijan and Ardabil provinces of northwestern Iran to examine the presence infection of . Specimens were obtained by swabbing from 140 mares (70 from each province) and 20 stallions (10 from each province) which were apparently healthy, and their DNA was analyzed using quantitative PCR assay detecting the element of the bacteri...
Deciphering the Underlying Mechanism for Au/ZnO Nanocomposites-Induced Modulation of Structural Features and Thermodynamic Stability of Horse Myoglobin. Au/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized and characterized by using various analytical techniques. Analysis of Au/ZnO NCs effect on H NMR, CD, fluorescence, and absorbance spectra of horse myoglobin (-Mb) at 0.0 and 5.0 M urea (pH 7.4) revealed that the Au/ZnO NCs weaken the heme-globin interactions and also disrupt the secondary/tertiary structure of -Mb. Furthermore, the Au/ZnO NCs effect of weakening the heme-globin interactions and disrupting the protein structures was detected more in the denaturant media than in the aqueous solution. Analysis of the Au/ZnO NCs effect on thermodynamic...
3000 yr-old patterns of mobile pastoralism revealed by multiple isotopes and radiocarbon dating of ancient horses from the Mongolian Altai. Pastoral nomadism is of great cultural and economic importance in several regions of the world today. However, documenting ancient patterns of mobility in societies where pastoralism was central is challenging and requires tailored approaches and methodologies. Here we use strontium, oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses of dental enamel, together with a local strontium isoscape, to reconstruct the mobility patterns of seven domestic horses deposited in a Late Bronze Age grave from western Mongolia. Radiocarbon indicates that the animals were deposited within a short period of time, 3000 years a...
Effect of a ventral midline colopexy on large colon volvulus recurrence and days to next live foal in Thoroughbred broodmares. To report the impact of ventral midline colopexy on colic, recurrence of large colon volvulus (LCV) and time to next live foal. Methods: Retrospective case control study. Methods: A total of 188 Thoroughbred broodmares surgically treated for LCV (2016-2020). Methods: Horses treated for LCV were grouped based on whether they received a colopexy (CP) or did not (NCP). All broodmares that underwent a second LCV surgery were subsequently categorized into two groups: those that received a colopexy (RCP) and those that did not (NRCP). Differences in the number of horses with large colon compromise, ...
Approaching equine infectious anemia in regions dominated by grade-working animals – a case of Pará, a state in the Brazilian Amazon. Considering that control strategies for Equine Infectious Anemia, based on the serological diagnosis of equids and the removal of positive animals, may not be optimal for developing countries with an absolute predominance of grade working animals, this study aimed to address this issue based on the epidemiological situation of the disease in Pará, a state in the Brazilian Amazon. Pará was divided into five regions, and within each region a pre-established number of farms were randomly selected. Within each farm, a pre-set number of animals were randomly selected and submitted to Agar Gel Imm...
Laboratory Diagnosis of Animal Tuberculosis in Tracing Interspecies Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis. is one of the most dangerous pathogens of both animals and humans. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a disease caused by mycobacteria belonging to the complex (MTBC), which spreads mainly among domestic cattle but also to mammals other than cattle. The transmission of MTBC between different species requires research and epidemiological investigations to control its spread. When multiple species are a reservoir of infection, it poses a significant public health and veterinary concern. In this study, the diagnosis of alpaca, cattle, horses, dogs, a sheep and a cat from one farm suspected of bovine ...
An Observational Study of Wood-Chewing in Mares and Their Foals Kept in Fenced Outdoor Paddocks with Variable Browsing Access. The natural behaviour of wood-chewing (WC) in horses may, under certain conditions, become excessive or it may precede crib-biting . However, the potential causes of WC, including frustrated foraging motivation) or developmental exploratory or teething behavior are poorly understood. We studied WC in 31 mares and their foals, examining associations with browsing access, stocking density, foal sex and performance of other non-nutritive oral behaviors. Behaviors (counts/hour) were recorded by all-occurrences sampling during focal, continuous observations of grazing,resting and suckling for 20 ...
Sixty years of equine anaesthesia – are we getting better at it? To present the essence of the presentation 'CEPEF - what we knew then and what we know now' given at the autumn meeting of the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists in 2024, celebrating its 60th anniversary. Methods: (this is not a formal systematic review). PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and the 4th Confidential Enquiry into Equine Perioperative Fatalities (CEPEF4). Search terms used: horse; pony; equine; anaesthesia; anesthesia; recovery; morbidity and mortality. Conclusions: It is well recognized that general anaesthesia carries a greater risk of mortality in horses than in other domestic...
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