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Addition of cholesterol linked to cyclodextrin in processing of cryopreserved equine spermatozoa and addition of motility stimulants post-thaw. This study investigated the effects of cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) before cryopreservation and the use of FertTalp (FT) after thawing on the structural and functional quality of equine spermatozoa. Methods: Two ejaculates from twelve stallions were divided into four groups: G1 (0 mg CLC), G2 (1.0 mg), G3 (1.5 mg), and G4 (2.0 mg). Post-thaw semen quality was evaluated through computer-assisted sperm analysis and flow cytometry. Results: In Experiment I, supplementation with 1.5 mg (G3) significantly improved total motility (64.9 ± 10.1 %) and progressive motility (40.5 ± 8.8 %) com...
Chronic spasmodic colic management in a thoroughbred horse: A case report from Bangladesh. Equine colic refers to severe abdominal pain caused by gastrointestinal tract dysfunction. A clinical case of equine colic was reported from a riding school in the Chattogram coastal area of Bangladesh. The animal was a 10-year-old gelding thoroughbred horse with a body weight of 500 kg. Unassigned: Visible clinical signs included anorexia, bruxism, restlessness with rolling side to side and pawing by the front leg on both sand and hard surfaces, dehydration, looking at the flank, abdominal distension, and increased intestinal motility detected via rectal palpation. The case was treated using ...
Seasonal effects on follicular dynamics and hemodynamics, ovarian hormone levels, nitric oxide levels, and lactate dehydrogenase levels in native mares. Summer heat stress affects the regularity of the estrous cycle in different animal species. Unassigned: This study aimed to investigate seasonal effects on follicular dynamics, hemodynamics, and associated biomarkers across the estrous cycle in native mares. Unassigned: Doppler ultrasound examinations and blood samples were collected along three sequential estrous cycles during the cold (November to March) and the hot months of the year (May to August). The diameter, antrum diameter, and color area of the dominant follicle (DF) were determined. The diameters, uterine horns, and corpus luteum (...
Femoral nerve neuropathy of an endurance horse as a sequela of iliopsoas muscle myopathy diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography. Femoral nerve neuropathy causes lameness, a condition clinically characterized by stifle's lack of extension with subsequent diminished lower limb function. This case report describes the ultrasonographic diagnosis of femoral neuropathy secondary to compression caused by myopathy of the iliopsoas muscle of an endurance horse during a competition. Transrectal ultrasonography played a pivotal role in diagnosis of the injury by assessment of the involved structures and monitoring of the healing process throughout the recovery period. The horse achieved complete recovery and successfully returned ...
The ACTH ratio validates the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction but does not enhance performance. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a post-/pre-thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) plasma ACTH ratio for the diagnosis of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Unassigned: This was a prospective, case-controlled study conducted monthly from January through December 2018 on 21 horses with PPID and 63 control horses. The ratios were calculated by dividing the plasma ACTH concentration obtained 30 minutes after IV injection of TRH by the pre-TRH plasma ACTH concentration. The effect of PPID and month were assessed using a linear mixed-effect model, and the diagnostic perf...
Evaluating the Accuracy of a Vision-Based Algorithm for Groundline Estimation in Trotting Horses Using Multiple Camera Angles. Equine lameness diagnosis largely relies on subjective visual assessments, which can be biased. Although marker-based methods, force plates and inertial measurement units (IMUs) provide objective measurements, they require specialized setups. Vision-based algorithms offer a portable, markerless alternative, but their accuracy needs thorough testing. Objective: To evaluate a custom vision-based algorithm for estimating the groundline across multiple camera angles, including handheld use in horses trotting on a treadmill. Methods: Experimental comparative study. Methods: Eight Standardbred trott...
High glucose in the extender impacts the metabolic phosphoproteome and modifies the phosphorylation of AKAP4 in stallion spermatozoa. Commercial extenders for equine semen typically contain high glucose concentrations; however, recent research indicates that these supraphysiological concentrations of glucose may be detrimental. Spermatozoa lack translational activity and depend on post-translational protein modifications for their regulation. Supraphysiological glucose concentrations are known to modify cell regulation, and we hypothesize that post-translational modification deregulation associated with supraphysiological glucose concentrations occurs in spermatozoa extended in high glucose media; and increasing the concentr...
Septic Synovitis and Osteomyelitis in Foals: Current Situation in a French Referral Hospital and Value of Computed Tomography for Diagnosis and Treatment. To describe cases of septic synovitis and osteomyelitis in foals younger than 6 months presented to a single hospital and their management and to report the value of computed tomography in diagnosis and management of these cases. Unassigned: This is a retrospective descriptive study. Unassigned: Sixty-five foals were included in this study. Forty-six foals (71%) survived to discharge. The presence of osteomyelitis ( = 0.16), umbilical infection ( = 0.41), or infection with ( = 1) did not significantly influence survival. However, risk of nonsurvival was significantly increased if ...
A study on the prevalence of cyathostomin and Anoplocephala perfoliata infections in Italian horses: diagnostic testing and analysis of factors affecting infection risk. Cyathostomins and Anoplocephala perfoliata infect equids worldwide and both are of concern due to their potential to cause clinical disease. Although coprological techniques are commonly used for assessing helminth egg shedding these do not provide information about an individual's total parasite burden. Antibody-based tests provide information on infection levels within individuals. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate cyathostomin and Anoplocephala perfoliata occurrence in Italian horses using coprological and serum-based antibody detection methods and to analyse risk factors for infectio...
Clostridioides difficile in equidae necropsied in Northwestern France, between 2019 and 2021. an anaerobic, spore-forming enteropathogen, is less studied in animals than in humans despite its importance in One Health. We evaluated occurrence, diversity, circulation, and virulence in French Equidae ( = 100) after their necropsy in northwestern France, from 2019 to 2021. We systematically recovered all cecal contents and any watery intestinal contents. We isolated strains, determined their toxin gene profile by PCR, and established their PCR-ribotype according to the WEBRIBO database. We also performed free toxin detection. Twenty-seven Equidae were positive for and 20 had a toxigeni...
The use of hay nets and slow feeders as feeding methods in horse management: A semi-systematic review. Hay nets and slow feeders are designed to mimic natural grazing by prolonging forage intake, thereby supporting digestive health and reducing stress-related behaviours. Their design and use, however, can influence effectiveness and may introduce risks. Objective: This semi-systematic review evaluated the use of hay nets and slow feeders in feeding horses, focusing on their impact on feeding time, behaviour, forage management and health management. Methods: A semi-systematic search across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Scopus identified 26 full-text studies published between 2009 an...
Upwards or onwards? Assessment of objective gait quality parameters in three European horse breeds at walk and trot. Europe has many horse breeds differing in conformation, gaits and genetics due to diverging breeding goals. Research studies comparing objective gait parameters between different horse breeds are limited and date back a decade. Objective: In this study, objective gait parameters were measured in three European breeds, namely Lusitanos (LUS; n = 52), Franches-Montagnes (FM; n = 311) and Swiss Warmblood (WB; n = 40) using an inertial measurement system (sensors at poll, withers, pelvis and all four canon bones) at walk and trot. Results: At walk and trot, LUS moved significantly slower than WB a...
Evaluation of a nutraceutical for prevention of equine ulcer recurrence. The number of horses with equine squamous gastric disease (ESGD) and equine gastric glandular disease (EGGD) recurrence when pharmacological treatment is discontinued is high. Objective: To examine if a commercially available nutraceutical compound containing lecithin, pectin, and meadowsweet could prevent recurrence of both ESGD and EGGD after omeprazole treatment, evaluated by repeated gastroscopic examinations and saliva biomarkers. Methods: Blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Methods: Thirty horses of mixed breeds and sex with a recent diagnosis and treatment of both ES...
Serum cortisol concentrations in newborn foals are increased by transfusion with anti-rhodococcal hyperimmune plasma and inversely associated with immunoglobulin activity. Transfusion of Rhodococcus equi hyperimmune plasma (REHIP) to neonatal foals is done to reduce the incidence of rhodococcal pneumonia. Objective: To determine effects in newborn foals of REHIP transfusion on serum cortisol concentrations; the association of serum cortisol concentrations with serum globulin concentration and anti-rhodococcal immunoglobulin activity; and cumulative incidence of rhodococcal pneumonia. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 356 newborn foals from 13 New York farms immediately before and after transfusion of 1 L or 2 L of REHIP. Serum samples were assayed for c...
Senescence-associated gene pathways are differentially expressed in equine aging-related osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a aging-associated degenerative joint disease. The objective was to determine relative senescence gene expression in joints and leukocytes of OA horses toward considering senotherapeutics to manage OA. Unassigned: To define local (joint) and systemic (peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]) senescence burden, synovial fluid cell single-cell RNA sequencing and PBMC mRNA sequencing datasets (n = 65 samples) were examined. Differential analyses were conducted using limma to compare OA versus control. A custom 3,043-gene senescence set curated from published metadata was...
Group and Individual Changes in Spinal Mobility During a 12-Week Rehabilitation Program Including Swimming in Horses with Axial Musculoskeletal Lesions. Locomotor disorders involving the spine are a major cause of impaired performance and early retirement in sport horses. Swimming is increasingly incorporated into rehabilitation protocols, but its effects on spinal biomechanics remain poorly understood. This prospective study evaluated changes in thoracolumbar mobility in sixteen sport horses diagnosed with cervical or thoracolumbar axial musculoskeletal lesions over a 12-week rehabilitation program comprising 4 weeks of land-based training followed by 8 weeks during which swimming sessions were incorporated three times per week. Weekly measur...
Comparing isoflurane and desflurane: A prospective randomised blinded clinical trial in horses undergoing elective surgery. The recovery period is associated with the greatest risk of injury for horses undergoing anaesthesia. Recovery quality and duration can be influenced by the volatile agent. Methods: This prospective, randomised blinded clinical investigation recruited 101 healthy client-owned horses undergoing elective surgery at one UK equine hospital. Anaesthesia was standardised, and horses were randomly assigned to receive desflurane or isoflurane for maintenance. Horses were ventilated to normocapnia and received dobutamine to maintain mean arterial blood pressure above 60 mmHg. All the patients received ...
Exercise-specific plasma proteomic signatures in racehorses: Candidates for training adaptation and peak load monitoring. Racehorses undergo profound physiological changes with training and competition, but current biomarkers inadequately capture the complex molecular dynamics of exercise. This study aimed to identify novel plasma biomarkers of training adaptation and peak load using high-throughput proteomics. Objective: We hypothesised that systematic training and racing induce distinct plasma proteomic signatures, enabling the discovery of candidate biomarkers linked to training status, oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic remodelling. Methods: In vivo longitudinal study. Methods: Forty-nine Arabian an...
Establishing Reference Values for Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Turkmen Horses: Effects of Gender, Age, Pregnancy and Physical Activity. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a glycoprotein involved in immune responses and inflammation, with established diagnostic utility in acute kidney injury (AKI) and systemic diseases. However, reference values for NGAL in healthy horses, particularly the Turkmen breed, remain poorly defined. Objective: This study aimed to establish reference values for serum NGAL concentrations in healthy Turkmen horses and to evaluate the influence of age, sex, pregnancy status and physical activity on its levels, as well as its correlations with haematological and serum biochemical variabl...
Genetic and phenotypic insights into thermal load and racing performance of Quarter Horses. Thermal load is a major welfare and performance concern for athletic horses, as physical exertion increases internal heat production. Although several phenotypic strategies have been developed to mitigate its effects, the genetic basis of thermal tolerance in horses remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the influence of thermal indices on the racing performance of Brazilian Quarter Horses, and (2) investigate the genetic basis of thermal tolerance through the estimation of genetic parameters across temperature gradients. We analyzed 21,857 racing-time (RT) records from 5...
Full Clinical Pathological and Bacteriological Investigation of a Giant Nasal Polyp Associated With the Developing Apex of the Permanent Fourth Premolar (Triadan 108) in a 3-year-old Connemara Filly: A Case Report. A 3-year-old Connemara X filly was referred to a UK equine hospital for further investigation of unilateral nasal discharge and facial swelling. Diagnostic imaging documented the presence of a heterogenous, soft tissue opacity with areas of focal mineralisation within the right paranasal sinuses, completely obliterating the nasal cavity, in addition to endodontic disease and significant periapical pathology associated with the right permanent fourth premolar (Triadan 108). Subsequent histopathologic examination confirmed the mass as a fibro-inflammatory polyp.
Development and application of a focused ultrasound protocol in neonatal foals. This study aimed to develop a standardized ultrasound (US) protocol using selected thoracic and abdominal acoustic windows, to assess its feasibility and applicability in healthy foals, and to evaluate its usefulness for detecting common thoracic and abdominal conditions in sick foals. The Focused US (FUS) protocol included 12 thoraco-abdominal windows (4 right-side, 3 ventral, 5 left-side) using a curved-array probe. It was applied to cohorts of healthy (n = 17) and sick (n = 23) foals by a veterinary clinician with limited US experience. The FUS showed good feasibility and applicabil...
The Effect of Magnetotherapy on Back Pain Sensitivity and Muscle Tension in Recreational Horses-A Pilot Study. Back pain in horses is a frequent musculoskeletal issue that affects performance and welfare. Magnetotherapy has been proposed as a complementary, non-invasive treatment to reduce pain and support soft tissue recovery, but studies in horses remain limited. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-frequency pulsed magnetic field therapy on horses with hypersensitivity to palpation along the longissimus dorsi muscle. Four recreational horses participated in a 10-session magnetotherapy program, with changes assessed using palpation, neck flexibility tests, heart rate measurements and...
Effect of transdermal melatonin on circulating cortisol and blood chemistry in horses exposed to transport stress. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of transdermal melatonin on physiological stress biomarkers in horses, with some subjected to transport stress. Sixteen horses were assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design assessing treatment (melatonin vs. no melatonin) and transport status (transported vs. non-transported), creating four groups: Control (CON), Transport only (TRS), Melatonin only (MEL), and Melatonin plus Transport (MELTRS). Horses in melatonin groups received 24 mg/day transdermally for 21 days and transported groups underwent a 3-hour trailer ride on day 21. Day 21 blood samples were ...
Changes in Uterine Glandular Composition in Kyrgyz Breed Mares According to Pregnancy Status. This study was conducted to examine glandular histological changes in the uterus of Kyrgyz breed mares during the first 6 months of pregnancy. The study used 53 Kyrgyz breed mares; 43 of these were at different stages of pregnancy, while 10 were non-pregnant mares. Uterine samples obtained at the slaughterhouse were evaluated histomorphometrically; endometrial thickness, gland density, gland epithelial height and gland diameter were measured. In conclusion, it was concluded that in Kyrgyz mares, endometrial thickness, glandular epithelial height and diameter increased as pregnancy progressed...
Equine leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome: An atypical manifestation of equine leptospirosis. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic, infectious disease associated with abortion, stillbirth, as well as liver and kidney failure. Leptospiral Pulmonary Haemorrhage Syndrome (LPHS) has increasingly been reported in human and canine patients infected by Leptospira and is associated with a high fatality rate. In equine medicine, pulmonary haemorrhage has mainly been described in foals with leptospiral infections, but rarely in adult horses. Objective: To characterise the clinicopathological features of pulmonary haemorrhage as a distinct disease entity in adult horses with leptospirosis, term...
The effect of arthroscopic lavage volume on bacterial culture of egress fluid in horses with experimentally induced septic arthritis and synovitis. To evaluate if high-volume lavage results in a negative bacterial culture of egress fluid, regardless of pathogen in an experimental model of equine septic arthritis. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: A total of 11 horses in three groups (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] Group 1, n = 4; Escherichia coli [E. coli] Group 2, n = 4; Staphylococcus aureus [S. aureus] Group 3, n = 3). Methods: A middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with LPS (synovitis Group 1), E. coli (septic arthritis Group 2) or S. aureus (septic arthritis Group 3). Arthroscopic lavage of the middle carpal joint...
High-Altitude Extreme Environments Drive Convergent Evolution of Skin Microbiota in Humans and Horses. Unique skin microbial communities have been shaped by the harsh climatic conditions in high-altitude areas, such as intense ultraviolet radiation and low oxygen concentration. However, it is unknown whether high altitude contributes to shaping common microbiota inhabiting the skin across different mammals. The skin microbial communities of humans and horses living in high-altitude (Tibetan) and low-altitude areas were analyzed using full-length 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Alpha diversity differed between high- and low-altitude groups ( < 0.01). Skin microbial community composition also ...
Chronic hepatitis in horses with persistent equine hepacivirus infection. Equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV), which causes persistent infection and chronic hepatitis in people. Information on persistent EqHV infection and hepatitis is limited. Objective: To report 19 cases of chronic hepatitis and persistent EqHV infection. Methods: Mixed retrospective and prospective case series. Methods: Inclusion criteria were: (1) chronic hepatitis, defined as persistently increased serum liver biomarkers, increased serum liver biomarkers accompanied by histopathological evidence of chronicity, for example, fibrosis, or both; (2) positive ser...
Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes. Equine theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite , represents a significant economic threat to the equine industry. In Xinjiang, China, an endemic area for this disease, systematic research on the genetic diversity of has been notably lacking. The aim of this study was to obtain molecular epidemiological data pertaining to the parasite in selected regions of Xinjiang, China, and analyze the genetic characteristics (including rRNA, , and genes) and genotype distribution patterns of isolates from these regions, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control s...
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