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2D-shear wave elastographic features of normal and injured equine superficial digital flexor tendons. Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries cause progressive loss of its mechanical properties. Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) provides information about tissue stiffness. Objective: To determine the feasibility, repeatability, and reproducibility of 2D-SWE of healthy and pathological forelimb SDFT. Methods: Prospective observational cohort study. Methods: Horses were divided into a noninjured Group (H) and a Group with tendinopathy of the SDFT (P). 2D-SWE of both fore SDFTs was performed at three metacarpal levels (A, B, and C, from proximal to distal). Qualitative an...
Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in horses with desmopathy of the palmar/plantar abaxial ligaments of the proximal interphalangeal joint: 20 cases. To describe the clinical and ultrasonographic findings in horses with desmopathy of the abaxial palmar/plantar ligament (APL) of the proximal interphalangeal joint and the prevalence of concurrent musculoskeletal injuries in the pastern and foot. Unassigned: Horses presenting to New Bolton Center between March 2017 and November 2022 with an age ranging from 5 to 20 years that underwent lameness evaluation in which lameness was localized to the distal limb and had an ultrasonographic diagnosis of APL desmopathy. Unassigned: Horses included were those that (1) presented for a lameness examinatio...
Suzetrigine in Equestrian Sports: Optimized Extraction and LC-HRMS Detection Strategies. Suzetrigine, a recently approved Na1.8 sodium channel blocker, shows strong potential in the treatment of neurological, psychiatric, and pain-related conditions. Its peripheral selectivity enables effective pain management while avoiding central nervous system complications and addiction risks linked to opioid use. Following FDA approval in January 2025, concerns have emerged regarding its possible misuse for performance enhancement in sports, highlighting the need for reliable detection tools in doping control. Methods: An analytical procedure was designed and validated to detect suzetrigine ...
Behavioral Assessment of Equine Relaxation Following Manual Therapy: A Pilot Study. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the relaxation, stress reduction and behavioral changes observed after manual therapy applied to horses exposed to racing and physical training stimulus. This descriptive approach is aimed at veterinary clinicians to evaluate the therapy process more effectively with behavioral feedback. For this purpose, the study was conducted in two different equestrian clubs in Adana (Adana Mediterranean and Suvari Equestrian Clubs) between 2023 and 2024. A total of 32 racehorses (16 Thoroughbred, 16 Arabian; 16 female, 16 male) of different ages, genders and bre...
Charting the equine miRNA landscape: An integrated pipeline and browser for annotating, quantifying, and visualizing expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are essential regulators of gene expression, yet few comprehensive databases exist for miRNA expression in non-model species, limiting our ability to characterize their roles in gene regulation, development, and disease. Similarly, isomiRs - length and sequence isoforms of canonical miRNAs with potentially altered regulatory targets and functions - have received even less attention in non-model species, including the horse, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of their biological significance. To address these challenges, we developed an open-source, containerized pip...
Commercial cytokine assay on equine cerebrospinal fluid does not distinguish equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy from cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy. To measure and compare CSF cytokine concentrations among horses with equine neuroaxonal dystrophy (eNAD)/equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM), horses with cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM), and control horses and to evaluate for associations with clinical parameters. Unassigned: Banked equine CSF samples from horses with neurologic disease that underwent a complete neurologic examination and postmortem diagnosis confirmation of CVSM or eNAD/EDM or from control horses were included. Cytokines were measured with an equine-specific cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead multiplex p...
Clinical audit of pre-procedural checklists in an equine referral hospital. Surgical safety checklists have demonstrated a positive impact on post-surgical morbidity/mortality in human medicine, and likely have an equal benefit in veterinary medicine. To realise their advantages, they must be correctly and regularly used. A clinical audit was planned to assess this. Objective: To determine the compliance with the pre-procedural request form/surgical safety checklist in a large multi-disciplinary equine referral hospital. Methods: Retrospective full-cycle clinical audit. Methods: One hundred and forty-eight checklists (consisting of 23 sub-sections) were examined for c...
West Nile virus in horses: surveillance, diagnosis and prevention in the UK. With the geographical distribution of West Nile virus expanding, there is growing concern about the potential for an incursion to the UK. Here, Fleur Whitlock, Richard Newton, Simon King, Andra-Maria Ionescu and Sara Higgins provide a timely reminder of key aspects of the virus' biology.
Comparison Between Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology for the Assessment of Airway Inflammation in Racehorses Affected by Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage. Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) results from alveolar capillary stress failure after strenuous exercise, leading to bleeding and pulmonary inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology is considered the gold standard for the assessment of airway inflammation; however, it is often considered more invasive compared to tracheal wash (TW). It has been demonstrated that TW is a reliable diagnostic tool that may substitute BALF to diagnose and grade the severity of EIPH in racehorses; however, no information about airway inflammation in EIPH-affected horses has been reporte...
Influenza D Virus Circulation Among Bovines, Swine, Equines, and Wild Boars in Italy: A Sero-Epidemiological Study. Influenza D virus (IDV), belonging to the family, was first discovered in 2011 in pigs. Surveys in humans and animals have been carried out to decipher IDV ecology. In this seroepidemiological study, we investigated the circulation of IDV lineages across Italy in livestock and wildlife animals. A total of 1038 animal serum samples (from 246 bovines, 249 swine, 98 equines, and 445 wild boars) were tested using hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. The results confirm bovines as the primary reservoir for IDV, with high seroprevalence for both D/660 (87%) and D/OK (80%) st...
Characterizing grazing and terrain use patterns of Hispano-Breton mares in the Spanish Pyrenees using GPS devices and remote sensing data. Geotechnologies, such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and remote sensing, are essential for documenting topographic features and analyzing land use. Among them, the GPS (Global Position System)-based sensors have proven highly effective in monitoring livestock, providing high-resolution data on movement patterns. This study tracked two Hispano-Breton mares in the Spanish Pyrenees during summer 2023 using GPS collars. A°C (LiDAR) dataset provided the digital elevation model (DEM), while Sentinel-2 imagery assessed the grazing conditions. All data were integrated within a Geograph...
Traumatic brain abscess due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in a Foal. Bacterial infection of the equine central nervous system is rare. This report describes the clinical features, computed tomography (CT) findings, and postmortem results of a 3-month-old female Quarter Horse with an intracranial abscess. Clinical signs included seizures, depression, and bilateral blindness. CT imaging demonstrated a large space-occupying lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere, associated with a frontal bone fracture. Necropsy and histopathology confirmed the presence of an abscess secondary to head trauma. Bacterial culture identified Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus as...
Cushing’s Disease in the Animal Kingdom: Translational Insights for Human Medicine. Cushing's disease (CD) is a rare neuroendocrine disorder caused by ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, presenting significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Given the evolutionary conservation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, this review explores the translational value of spontaneous CD forms in dogs, horses, cats, small mammals, and rats, as well as of experimental models in mice, rats, and zebrafish. Dogs are the most studied, showing strong molecular and clinical similarities with human CD, making them valuable for preclinical drug and diagnostic research. While equine an...
Progress in serology and molecular biology of equine parasite diagnosis: sustainable control strategies. Internal parasitic infections are a persistent challenge for horse owners, in the absence of effective vaccines and the growing challenge of drug resistance, leading many researchers to view current control strategies as unsustainable. Despite slow progress over the past two decades, effective parasitic diagnosis remains crucial for controlling infections and preventing the growing issue of drug resistance. This review examines the research progress in serological and molecular biological diagnostic methods for major equine parasites. Currently, most diagnostic techniques are based on genes su...
A case-matched controlled retrospective performance indexed analysis of Thoroughbred racehorses that underwent surgical repair of proximal phalanx and third meta-carpal/tarsal condylar fractures. Standing fracture repair has become established as an acceptable technique with a good long-term prognosis. However, no study has compared racing outcomes with case-matched controls. Objective: To compare racing outcomes between a large dataset of horses undergoing standing fracture repair against case-matched controls. Methods: Retrospective case-matched controlled comparative study. Methods: Thoroughbred racehorses undergoing standing repair of distal limb fracture(s) over 10 years (2012-2022) at five hospital centres across North America and Europe were included. Data retrieved included...
Equine Sarcoid Arising From the Medial Caruncle With Invasion of the Third Eyelid in a Quarter Horse Gelding. To describe the clinical and histologic features of a sarcoid arising from the medial caruncle with spread to the third eyelid of a horse. Methods: A 20-year-old Quarter Horse gelding. Methods: An incisional biopsy of the medial caruncle mass was initially performed, with histopathology suggesting a sarcoid or other spindle cell neoplasm. The mass grew rapidly following the biopsy, expanding to affect the third eyelid and adjacent superior palpebral conjunctiva. A complete third eyelid and medial caruncle excision with resection of affected palpebral conjunctiva and adjunctive cryotherapy was ...
Comparison of Two Surgical Techniques for the Treatment of Equine Hindlimb Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy. Suspensory desmopathy is a frequently documented cause of lameness in performance horses; proximal suspensory desmopathy is the most frequent site of injury in dressage horses [...].
Equine-Assisted Learning for Children with Trauma and their Caregivers. Animal-assisted therapies, including work with horses, are increasingly incorporated into interventions aiming to promote health and well-being for individuals exposed to trauma. This study evaluates an equine-assisted learning (EAL) intervention with children who have experienced trauma and their caregivers. Children and caregivers were referred for participation by social service agencies and law enforcement based on reports of children's exposure to trauma. Children participated in a seven-week psycho-educational EAL Intervention, Resilience Reins, which aims to improve children's competenc...
Effects of sand, asphalt, and a three degrees hind toe or heel elevation on equine cervical and thoracolumbosacral kinematics at walk and trot. Effects of ground surface and hoof angles on equine cervical and thoracolumbosacral kinematics are poorly understood. However, the equine cervical and thoracolumbosacral areas present frequent lesions and he management of factors that might improve treatment and rehabilitation outcomes, such as ground surface and hoof angles, requires more investigation. Objective: Our objectives were to determine the influence of ground surface (asphalt versus sand) and a 3 degrees hind toe or heel elevation on cervical and thoracolumbosacral kinematics during walking and trotting. Methods: Six saddle horses ...
A cohort study of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism in horses in Hawai’i. Equine nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSHP, Bighead Disease) is a consequence of diets with abnormal calcium: phosphorus ratios. With the widespread availability of fortified feeds and legume forage, the disease has largely disappeared. The Hawaiian Islands are unique in that legume forage is largely unavailable and pastures have high oxalate concentrations. This was a cohort study that included seventeen adult horses imported from the continental US to the Waiki'i region, Hawai'i that grazed on kikuyu grass pastures. Plasma ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone concentrations at...
MHC compatibility influences the interaction between different types of equine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and the local immune response. The allogeneic administration of equine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has numerous advantages over autologous therapy, but their interactions with the patient's immune system need to be further elucidated. These interactions can be influenced by factors such as the compatibility between donor-receptor for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and by the MHC expression levels, which can change under different conditions like inflammatory exposure and chondrogeneic differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the local immune response induced by chondrogeneically differentiated (MSC...
Decoding Leishmania in equines: A comparative analysis of molecular targets. Parasitic diseases caused by Leishmania spp. create considerable health concerns in animals, resulting in a considerable financial impact. They causes a complex infection in equines, affecting weight gain, skin, liver, and spleen. To date, there is a lack of reports on the occurrence of Leishmania in equines in Southern Punjab, Pakistan, highlighting the need for molecular epidemiological surveillance. The current study focused on determining the prevalence of Leishmania in the equine population from District Rahim Yar Khan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan, through amplification of mitochondrial (Cy...
Effects of Sedation on Rectal Temperature During Equine Dental Procedures Performed in Cold to Warm Ambient Temperatures. Sedation is important for safe equine dental procedures, but it is unknown if there is a higher risk of sedation causing hypothermia in procedures performed during cold months. The authors hypothesize that sedation for a dental procedure will significantly decrease rectal body temperature in cold as compared to warm ambient temperatures. Adult equids ( = 246), from a private equine dentistry practice, that underwent dental equilibration, were selected for the study. Each horse's weight was estimated and sedation was administered intravenously (0.01 mg/kg detomidine and 0.01 mg/kg butor...
Hippotherapy in the Treatment of CMD and Bruxism in Dentistry. Dysfunctions and disorders of the craniomandibular system are accompanied by pathophysiological changes of muscle groups in the throat/neck and facial area, e.g., pain in the jaw and muscles of mastication and disturbance of occlusion, leading to teeth injury (loss of dental hard tissue, fractures/sensibility disorders, etc.). For muscular dysfunctions, even in the context of psychosomatic disorders and chronic stress, hippotherapy is particularly suitable, since it helps actively to relieve muscle tensions. In the current project we combined hippotherapy with progressive muscle relaxation (PM...
Mitohormesis and Regeneration: Natural Compounds Chlorogenic Acid (CGA) and Isovanillic Acid 3-O-sulfate (IVAS) Boost Muscle Cell Recovery in the Equine Athlete Model. Skeletal muscle satellite cells ( SCs), essential for muscle regeneration, are a valuable model for studying exercise-induced stress relevant to human athletes. This study examined the effects of two natural compounds-chlorogenic acid (CGA) and isovanillic acid 3-O-sulfate (IVAS)-increasingly recognized as components of modern, nature-based recovery strategies. Their combination (Hybrid) was also tested on equine model of skeletal muscle satellite cells (ESCs) exposed to heat shock (40 °C, 1 h), mimicking exercise stress. Cells were treated with CGA (0.005%), IVAS (0.0005%), or both for 24Â...
Seropositivity for Pathogenic Leptospira in Dogs, Cats, and Horses at a Teaching Veterinary Hospital in Southern Chile. At a veterinary hospital in southern Chile, we conducted an epidemiological study involving domestic dogs, cats, and horses to determine the seropositivity for pathogenic spp., identify the infecting serogroups, measure antibody titers, and characterize seropositive animals by sex and age. None of the sampled animals showed clinical signs of leptospirosis. The microscopic agglutination test, using a panel of eight serogroups, was used for diagnosis. The seropositivity was 36.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 24.5-48.4) in dogs, 12.9% (95% CI = 2.6-23.1) in cats, and 45.2% (95% CI = 30.1-60.2...
Early transatlantic movement of horses and donkeys at Jamestown. Domestic equids were central to the initial colonization of the Atlantic coast of the Americas, a process partially chronicled by historical records. While Spanish colonists brought horses to the Caribbean decades earlier, settlement of the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia, was among the first dispersals of horses to the eastern seaboard. Archaeozoological analysis of identifiable domestic equid remains from two contexts associated with the initial occupation of Jamestown demonstrates intense processing and consumption of the first Jamestown horses during the "Starving Time" winter of 160...
Antimicrobial prescribing guidelines for horses in Australia. The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance also affects equine veterinarians with increasing frequency. Antimicrobial stewardship and responsible prescribing are essential for a future in which effective antimicrobials are available, as it is unlikely that new antimicrobials will become available for use in horses. While antimicrobials are commonly used to treat equine infections, complications with therapy are also relatively common. Antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea, immune-mediated diseases, and nephrotoxicity have been reported as sequelae of antimicrobial therapy in equine practice....
Time-activity budget in horses and ponies: A systematic review and meta-analysis on feeding dynamics and management implications. The time-activity budget is a key indicator of animal welfare. This meta-analysis integrated 14 studies (1979-2020) with 364 horses under wild, natural-living, and stabled conditions to evaluate feeding, resting, standing, and locomotion. Objective: The study aimed to categorize daily behavioural patterns in equines, with emphasis on feeding behaviour. Methods: Fixed and random effects models, forest plots, and ANOVA assessed the influence of management, sociality, sex, age, body size, and feeding type. Results: Feeding was greater in free-ranging (56 %) than stabled horses (38 %; p < 0.000...
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered calcium dobesilate in Warmblood horses. Calcium dobesilate has recently been used for treating lameness in horses because it enhances microvascular processes and reduces intraosseous pressure. Lameness caused by disorders in bone metabolism and increased intraosseous pressure, such as navicular disease, osseous cyst-like lesions and pedal bone oedema, are commonly treated with rest, anti-inflammatory agents and surgery. Calcium dobesilate has the potential to influence the pathophysiology of these diseases, thereby improving healing. To determine whether calcium dobesilate and its acting agent calcium 2,5-dihydroxybenzene sulfonate ...
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