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Acupuncture for Anaemia and Large Intestine Impaction Associated with Hind Limb Weakness in a Horse: A Case Report. A 24-year-old horse was presented with a clinical history of anaemia, large intestine impaction and hind limb weakness. Loss of body weight was also reported. Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were low and piroplasmosis test was negative. Nasogastric intubation with laxative agents was performed and 50 ml of a red blood-cell-supplement was given daily during a month. An assessment following Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) principles was performed after the last episode of large intestine impaction. A swollen, pale and wet tongue was observed. A superficial, weak pulse combined p...
Cumulative antibiogram and multidrug-resistant organisms in a regional equine referral hospital. Prudent use of antimicrobials is paramount to slow the development of resistance and for successful treatment. The use of cumulative antibiograms will allow evidence-based antimicrobial selection with consideration of local resistance patterns. We generated a "first-isolate-per-patient" cumulative antibiogram for a regional equine referral hospital. Bacterial organisms cultured from horses between 2011 and 2018, sample origin, antimicrobial susceptibilities, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) status were tabulated. Of 1,176 samples, 50% were culture positive. Overall, 93 of 374 (25%) were MDR. Of t...
Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and systolic function in Warmblood horses using linear measurements, area-based indices, and volume estimates: A retrospective database analysis. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) size and function using area-based indices and volumetric estimates is not well established in horses. Objective: To report reference intervals and measurement variability for uni-, 2-, and 3-dimensional echocardiographic indices of LV size and systolic function in Warmblood horses and to provide proof of concept for allometric scaling of variables to body weight. Unidimensional indices were to be compared to area-based indices and LV volume estimates to establish their clinical use. Methods: Thirty healthy Warmblood horses and 70 Warmblood...
Nerve growth factor in the equine joint. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin with many functions. In humans, it is involved in inflammation, nerve growth, apoptosis and pain signalling. Increased concentrations of NGF in synovial fluid has been shown in humans and dogs with osteoarthritis. Despite osteoarthritis being a common problem in horses, no studies have previously been published on NGF in the equine joint. The aim of this study was to quantify NGF in equine synovial fluid from healthy joints, acutely inflamed septic joints and joints with structural changes associated with osteoarthritis. A secondary aim was to identi...
Prevalence of cardiac arrhythmias and R-R interval variation in healthy Thoroughbred horses during official Chuckwagon races and recovery. The prevalence and severity of cardiac arrhythmias in healthy racehorses undergoing competition is not well defined. The aim was to characterize arrhythmias in Thoroughbreds participating in official Chuckwagon races and to determine normal beat-to-beat (R-R) variability during supramaximal exercise. Electrocardiograph (ECG) recordings were obtained during pre-race, race, and active-recovery from 82 clinically healthy Thoroughbreds. ECG recordings were analyzed for arrhythmias and mean percent R-R deviation. Plasma lactate and high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTnT) were also measured. Fifty-two E...
Effect of Equine-Assisted Activities on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot Randomized-Controlled Trial. Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have an impaired cardiac autonomic function. Attenuated heart rate recovery (HRR), which is a valuable prognostic parameter for autonomic nervous system, is known to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. However, only few studies have observed the effects of exercise on the cardiac autonomic function in children with CP. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of equine-assisted activity (EAA) program on cardiac autonomic function in children with CP. A single-blinded, parallel, two-arm pilo...
Characterization of semen collected by pharmacologically induced ejaculation from a stallion with seminal vesiculitis. The present study compared the quality of sperm collected by artificial vagina or pharmacologically induced ejaculation from a 10-year-old thoroughbred stallion with seminal vesiculitis. The pharmacological protocol involved intravenous administration of detomidine (0.01 mg/kg) and oxytocin (20 IU) and successfully induced ejaculation in all attempts of semen collection. Sperm motility, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) percentage, and bacterial profiles of fresh and cooled semen (5°C for 24 hr) were eval...
Hastening Time to Ejaculation in Donkey Jacks Treated with the PGF2α Analog, Cloprostenol Sodium. Due to the long courtship needed to attain excitation and erection, donkey semen collection can take up to 90 min. ProstaglandinF2α (PGF2α) has been reported to hasten the onset of erection and ejaculation in domesticated mammals, presumably by inducing smooth muscle contractions in the internal genitalia. However, while it has been anecdotally used in donkeys, it has yet to be critically evaluated. This study aimed to compare behavioral and semen parameters in Catalan, Balearic, Amiata, and Miranda jacks treated with the PGF2α analogue cloprostenol sodium immediately prior to exposure to a...
Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses. Tibial fractures cause ~3% of racehorse deaths. Pre-existing stress fractures have been associated with multiple racing and training fractures, but not complete tibial fractures. Objective: To describe racehorse tibial fractures and compare signalment and exercise histories of affected and control racehorses. Methods: Retrospective analysis of necropsy reports. Methods: Racehorses that had a complete tibial fracture (1990-2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment and exercise histories of affected horses were compared to 1) racehorses that died because of non-tibial musculoskeletal injur...
Expression of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 During Colon Volvulus in the Horse. Large colon volvulus in horses is associated with a poor prognosis, especially when ischemic-reperfusion injury of the affected intestinal tract develops. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR2 in colonic pelvic flexure of horses spontaneously affected by large colon volvulus (CVH group). Eight horses admitted for severe abdominal colon volvolus and which underwent surgery were included. Colon samples were collected after enter...
Variability of ACOX1 Gene Polymorphisms across Different Horse Breeds with Regard to Selection Pressure. The gene encodes peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1, the first enzyme in the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway, which could be significant for organisms exposed to long periods of starvation and harsh living conditions. We hypothesized that variations within , revealed by RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq), might be based on adaptation to living conditions and had resulted from selection pressure. There were five different horse breeds used in this study, representing various utility types: Arabian, Thoroughbred, Polish Konik, draft horses, and Hucul. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located i...
Equine seroprevalence of West Nile virus antibodies in the UK in 2019. West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that can cause neurological disease in both humans and horses. Due to the movement of competent vectors and viraemic hosts, WNV has repeatedly emerged globally and more recently in western Europe. Within the UK, WNV is a notifiable disease in horses, and vaccines against the virus are commercially available. However, there has been no investigation into the seroprevalence of WNV in the UK equine population to determine the extent of vaccination or to provide evidence of recent infection. Methods: Equine serum samples were obtained from the A...
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after intramuscular and subcutaneous administration in horses. To describe the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of meperidine after IM and subcutaneous administration in horses. Methods: prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover trial. Methods: Six adult horses weighing 494 ± 33 kg. Methods: Treatments included meperidine 1 mg/kg IM with saline 6 mL subcutaneously, meperidine 1 mg/kg subcutaneously with saline 6 mL IM, and saline 6 mL subcutaneously and 6 mL IM, with a 7-day washout between treatments. Plasma meperidine concentrations and pharmacodynamic values (thermal and mechanical thresholds, physiological variables, fecal production) were c...
Macrophage Activation in the Synovium of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Equine Joints. Synovitis is a major component of osteoarthritis and is driven primarily by macrophages. Synovial macrophages are crucial for joint homeostasis (M2-like phenotype), but induce inflammation (M1-like) when regulatory functions become overwhelmed. Macrophage phenotypes in synovium from osteoarthritic and healthy joints are poorly characterized; however, comparative knowledge of their phenotypes during health and disease is paramount for developing targeted treatments. This study compared patterns of macrophage activation in healthy and osteoarthritic equine synovium and correlated histology with ...
Optimal Terminology for Services in the United States That Incorporate Horses to Benefit People: A Consensus Document. To recommend (1) the adoption of optimal terminology for referring to services in the United States that incorporate horses and other equines to benefit people, and (2) the discontinuation of especially problematic terminology. A diverse multidisciplinary consortium of individuals, including representatives of relevant national organizations, participated in an inclusive, systematic, and comprehensive 2-year consensus-building process. Twelve specific types of services were identified that relate to one of three broad areas of professional work: therapy, learning, or horsemanship. Related t...
Recovery of Equine Oocytes in Ambulatory Practice and Potential Complications. Field collection of oocytes in mares using transvaginal follicular aspiration (TVA) for embryo production has the potential to revolutionate the equine industry. Protocols for TVA in specialized laboratory settings have been described in the scientific literature since the early 1980s. The objective of this study was to determine the success rate of TVA oocytes recovery under ambulatory conditions. A secondary goal of this study was to determine if TVA is associated with any health complications when performed by recently trained practitioners in the field. Follicles (n = 296) from 66 adult c...
In Vitro Induction of Pluripotency from Equine Fibroblasts in 20% or 5% Oxygen. The cellular reprogramming into pluripotency is influenced by external and internal cellular factors, such as culture conditions (e.g., environmental oxygen concentration), and the aging process. Herein, we aimed to generate and maintain equine iPSCs (eiPSCs) derived from fibroblasts of a horse older than 20 years and to evaluate the effect of different levels of oxygen tension (atmospheric 20% O, 5% O, or 20% to 5% O) on these cells. Fibroblasts were reprogrammed, and putative eiPSCs were positive for positive alkaline phosphatase detection; they were positive for pluripotency-related genes ...
Seminal plasma components from fertile stallions involved in the epididymal sperm freezability. Seminal plasma (SP) plays a crucial role in sperm protection and functionality. However, the effect of SP on the sperm cryopreservation is dependent on the stallion and SP composition. The use of epididymal spermatozoa incubated in the presence of SP could help the identification of the components of SP that are able to confer protection upon the spermatozoa during freezing. The aims of this study were (i) to identify SP components involved in the potential protection of epididymal spermatozoa during the freeze-thawing process and (ii) to identify and evaluate the proteins likely related to sp...
Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules. Donkeys () and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into...
Changes in Arterial Blood Pressure and Oxygen Tension as a Result of Hoisting in Isoflurane Anesthetized Healthy Adult Horses. In anesthetized adult horses, changes in recumbency can influence the cardiovascular system but how arterial blood pressures and oxygen tension change in isoflurane anesthetized animals as a direct result of hoisting has not been investigated. To evaluate effects of hoisting on hemodynamic function and pulmonary gas exchange in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Prospective, experimental study. Six adult horses were anesthetized three times using isoflurane in pure oxygen (inspired fraction 0.9-1.0), and allowed breathing spontaneously in lateral recumbency. After 45 min horses were hoisted u...
[A multiplex PCR method based on nuclear and cytoplasmic inheritance to identify the horse and donkey-derived components of Asini Colla Corii and the hide]. To identify the original components of Asini Colla Corii and its raw material hides provides a guarantee for authenticity of Asini Colla Corii. It is urgent for Asini Colla Corii production enterprises and market supervision departments to develop effective identification methods of Asini Colla Corii and hides derived from horses, donkeys, mules and hinnies. This study screened species-specific DNA sequences of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes as detection targets, designed horse and donkey specific primers and established multiple PCR identification methods for identifying the animal hides (...
Use of color-coded, three-dimensional-printed equine carpus models is preferred by students but does not result in statistically different academic performance. Radiology can be a challenging subject for students and finding new techniques that help improve their understanding could have positive effects in their clinical practice. The purpose of this prospective experimental study was to implement the use of color-coded, three-dimensional-printed, handheld equine carpus models into a radiographic anatomy course and evaluate the impact objectively and subjectively using quizzes and student response surveys. A first-year veterinary class was randomly divided into two similarly sized groups (groups A and B) for an equine normal radiographic anatomy labo...
Asymmetric dimethylarginine-A potential cardiac biomarker in horses. Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is a cardiac biomarker in humans, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) a renal biomarker in humans, cats, and dogs. The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate if measuring serum ADMA and SDMA concentrations via ELISA allows detection of cardiac disease in horses in a routine laboratory setting. In this context, reference values in horses were established. Methods: Seventy-eight horses with no known medical history were compared to 23 horses with confirmed structural cardiac disease with/or without arrhythmias. Horses underwent physical examination,...
Case Report: Suppression of Harem Stallion Behavior and Fertility Following Anti-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Vaccination of a Captive Wild Przewalski’s Horse (Equus ferus przewalskii). This report describes an option to modulate the testicular function of wild horses and field methods to assess it. Non-surgical castration of a captive wild Przewalski's stallion with anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunization was performed by sub-cutaneous injection of two doses of 450 μg (3 ml) of GnRH conjugated to diphtheria toxin, further repeated every 6 months. Semen quality was assessed after collection by electro-ejaculation under general anesthesia. Endocrine and behavioral consequences were studied during a 2-year follow-up period. The procedure of electro-ejaculation ...
Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses. The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until...
Investigation of a 24-Hour Culture Step to Determine the Viability of Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi Via Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in Nasal Secretions From Horses With Suspected Strangles. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection assays for Streptococcus equi subspecies equi often overestimate the prevalence of samples containing viable organisms. The objective of this study was to determine if viability could be determined using genome quantitation and detection of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts for the SeM gene of S. equi in pre- and post-cultured samples. Nasal secretions collected from 42 horses with suspected strangles were tested by culture and by quantitative PCR (qPCR) before and 24 hours after a culture step. Viable S. equi was determined based on the detecti...
Comparison of the Surface Thermal Patterns of Horses and Donkeys in Infrared Thermography Images. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a valuable diagnostic tool in equine veterinary medicine; however, little is known about its application to donkeys. This study aims to find patterns in thermal images of donkeys and horses and determine if these patterns share similarities. The study is carried out on 18 donkeys and 16 horses. All equids undergo thermal imaging with an infrared camera and measurement of the skin thickness and hair coat length. On the class maps of each thermal image, fifteen regions of interest (ROIs) are annotated and then combined into 10 groups of ROIs (GORs). The existence o...
Pressure Algometry for the Detection of Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds in Horses. The clinical assessment of pain is subjective; therefore, variations exist between practitioners in their ability to identify and localize pain. Due to differing interpretations of the signs or severity of pain equine practitioners may assign varying levels of clinical significance and treatment options. There is a critical need to develop better tools to qualify and quantify pain in horses. Palpation is the most common method to detect local tenderness or sensitivity. To quantify this applied pressure, pressure algometry has been used to gradually apply pressure over specified landmarks until...
Implantable loop recorders can detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in Standardbred racehorses with intermittent poor performance. Limited information is available on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) in the horse. Indeed, undiagnosed PAF could result in poor performance. Due to the intermittent occurrence, PAF is difficult to diagnose. However, implanting a small ECG device (implantable loop recorder, ILR) subcutaneously, allows the continuous and automatic detection of PAF. Objective: The aim was to investigate the potential of ILRs as a tool for diagnosing PAF in horses with poor performance. Methods: Prospective field study. Methods: Twelve racing Standardbred trotters with intermittent reduced performance (mean ag...
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