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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Temporal variation in incretin and insulin secretion in ponies in association with dietary macronutrients. Equine insulin dysregulation (ID) is a common condition that predisposes to hyperinsulinaemia-associated laminitis. Improved pathophysiological understanding would enable better management of ID and reduce the risk of laminitis. The incretin peptides, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), augment the insulin response to dietary glucose and GLP-1 has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ID. However, their temporal variation in response to a low-energy diet has not been reported. This study determined the variation in GLP-1, GIP and insulin ...
Supramolecular Solvent Extraction for Doping Control Analysis of Prohibited Substances in Horse Urine. Despite the recent success in introducing supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS)-based extraction to drug analysis, its application and robustness in day-to-day regular urine testing have yet to be demonstrated. Moreover, the applicability of SUPRAS in equine doping control testing remains unexplored. In this work, we have successfully developed for the first time a simple, rapid, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly SUPRAS extraction method for analyzing 76 prohibited substances of different classes (selective androgen receptor modulators, hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors...
Gene Editing and the Future of Thoroughbred Breeding and Racing. Prohibited gene editing in horses (either in embryos or via cell culture and cloning) can result in both desired and undesired outcomes. If left undetected, changes can proliferate within the population in subsequent generations, posing a major threat to welfare and breed integrity.
Photodynamic therapy with infracyanine green induces keratocyte depopulation in the normal equine cornea. Use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) in horses is becoming common. The safety and morphologic impact on the normal equine cornea have not been investigated, and the mechanism of its efficacy is unknown. Objective: To investigate the morphologic effects and safety of in vivo PDT on healthy equine corneas. Methods: In vivo experiment. Methods: Six university-owned horses underwent unilateral corneal PDT with intrastromal infracyanine green (EmunDo®) and photoactivation with an 810 nm diode laser (500 mW for 2.5 min = 75 Joules). Compl...
Modified Medial Canthoplasty for Correction of Euryblepharon in Two Horses. To describe a medial canthoplasty surgical procedure in two horses for correction of euryblepharon, secondary to microphthalmia, and following excision of retrobulbar fat prolapse. Methods: A 1 year old thoroughbred mare was presented for small globes and chronic ocular discharge bilaterally. Ophthalmic examination revealed microphthalmos, euryblepharon, medial canthal pocket syndrome, and dacryocystitis bilaterally with no visual impairments. A 2 year old Appaloosa gelding was presented for evaluation of a smooth, subconjunctival mass anterior to the right globe in the medial canthus. Oph...
Assessment of Blood Profiles and Pain in Sport Horses Undergoing Intrarectal Ozone Therapy. Medical ozone is used in various treatments due to its oxidising properties. Objective: We aimed in this study to evaluate the impact of intrarectal ozone therapy on haematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the pain induced by the procedure in sport horses. Methods: In vivo experiment with 12 Quarter Horses (3 males and 9 females) used as their own controls to assess the effects of ozone therapy. Methods: Blood samples were collected before treatment (Control), 24 h after ozone therapy (24 h post-treatment), and 7 days after the last day of ozone therapy (7 days post-treatment). ...
Transmission of Salmonella clones between different animal species in a horse and cattle breeding region in Japan. Sequence type 34 (ST34) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:-) are the most prevalent clones among humans and animals worldwide, including in Japan. Although cross-species transmission may have occurred in the background of global spread, the matter remains unresolved. Here, we conducted high-resolution phylogenetic analysis using whole-genome sequencing data of Salmonella Typhimurium and 4,[5],12:i:- obtained from a horse and cattle breeding district in Japan and identified cases of cross-species transmission of ST34 Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:...
Equine neorickettsiosis: A global perspective of the natural habitat of the bacteria and clinical disease. Equine neorickettsiosis (EN) is an infectious, non-contagious systemic disease of horses caused by the closely related obligatory intracellular bacterial species Neorickettsia risticii and N. findlayensis. Clinical cases are considered endemic in multiple regions across the United States and Canada, as well as in parts of South America, including Uruguay and Brazil. Neorickettsia spp. are obligate endosymbionts of digenean trematodes, which have complex life cycles involving a molluscan first intermediate host, a wide range of invertebrate or vertebrate second intermediate hosts, and a vertebr...
Plasma and Urinary Elimination Profiles of Medetomidine Metabolites in Horses for the Purpose of Doping and Medication Control. Medetomidine, an α₂-adrenergic agonist, is widely used as a sedative in horses. While its pharmacological effects are established, limited data exist on elimination of its metabolites, 3'-hydroxy medetomidine (HMD) and 3'-carboxy medetomidine (CMD), which are of regulatory interest. HMD is currently targeted in plasma and urine under International Screening Limits (ISLs) established by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). In this study, seven Thoroughbreds received 6.3 μg/kg of medetomidine intravenously. Blood and urine were collected for 96 h and analyzed b...
What happened after the epidemic? Equine influenza surveillance sheds light on sources and seasonal risk in the United Kingdom. The epidemiology of equine influenza (EI) in the United Kingdom has not been systematically described since the 2019 epidemic. Objective: To summarise UK EI surveillance (2020-2024), quantify outbreak seasonality and assess movement-related sources. Methods: Retrospective observational analysis of national surveillance and horse importation data. Methods: Epidemiological data for laboratory-confirmed EI cases in the United Kingdom were collated. Outbreaks (EI-infected premises) were defined as one or more laboratory-confirmed cases on the same premises within a 4-week period. Monthly outbreak ...
Survey on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Use in Equine Practice in France and Belgium. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and probiotics are used in equine practice. Understanding veterinarians' perceptions and practices is crucial for effective implementation. Objective: (1) Evaluate the prevalence, usage patterns and perceived effectiveness of probiotics and FMT among equine veterinarians in France and Belgium. (2) Assess their knowledge, practices and influencing factors across demographics and settings. (3) Explore links between FMT protocols and treatment satisfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: An online survey collected demographic data and responses o...
Re-emergence of equine glanders in Mongolia based on region-wide serosurveillance. Glanders, a zoonotic disease caused by , has re-emerged in Mongolia after decades of control. We conducted nationwide serosurveillance from 2021 to 2024 to assess the prevalence and geographic distribution of glanders. Using random 3-stage cluster sampling, we collected 3,001 horse serum samples from 332 herds. Those herds were in 46 soums (administrative districts equivalent to counties) in 13 provinces and in 3 districts in Ulaanbaatar. Sera were tested using the complement fixation test, and positive results were confirmed by immunoblotting and ELISA. Overall seroprevalence was 1.03% (95% C...
Application of a framework to mitigate the risk of surgical site infection after exploratory celiotomy in horses: A retrospective study. To describe the methodology used to identify the contributors to a perceived sudden increase in exploratory celiotomy surgical site infections (SSI) and complications at the North Carolina State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital (NCSU VTH) between 2019 and 2020 and evaluate the effect of the designed intervention up to 4 years after its implementation. Methods: Case-control retrospective study over a five-year period. Methods: A total of 448 horses that underwent exploratory celiotomy for the treatment of acute abdominal pain were included. Methods: Medical records of horses that under...
Horse immune response of recombinant Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine: Assessing the immunomodulatory impact of probiotic supplementation. Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), caused by Lawsonia intracellularis induces intestinal epithelial hyperplasia, resulting in malabsorption, weight loss, colic, and diarrhea. Despite its clinical and economic importance, no equine-specific vaccine is commercially available. Recombinant subunit vaccines are a safe and scalable alternative; however, their immunogenicity often requires improvement. Probiotic supplementation with Bacillus toyonensis may act as an immunomodulatory strategy to potentiate vaccine efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity of a recombinant protein ...
Cryptophthalmia, microphthalmia, oronasal malformation, and hydrocephalus in an aborted equine fetus with umbilical torsion in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Facial abnormalities and brain defects in aborted equine fetuses are rarely reported, and the causes that predispose the occurrence of this condition are difficult to identify. This work reports the morphological and tomographic findings of a case of cryptophthalmia, microphthalmia, oronasal malformation, and hydrocephalus in an aborted equine fetus with umbilical cord torsion in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from a primiparous Quarter Horse female, with 7 months of gestational age. The occurrence of miscarriage was associated with compromised maternal-fetal blood flow due to umbilical cor...
Rocio virus sustained circulation in Brazil: first infection case in a horse highlights the need for enhanced arbovirus surveillance. Rocio virus (ROCV), a neurotropic arbovirus of the genus, caused Brazil’s largest encephalitis outbreak in the 1970s but has since been rarely detected. We report the first ROCV encephalitis clinical case after nearly 40 years and isolated and sequenced the virus from CNS tissue of a horse. Metatranscriptomics enabled full-genome sequencing, revealing divergence from the reference sequence at an evolutionary rate of 5.8–7.0 × 10⁻⁴, consistent with . Thirty-one non-synonymous substitutions were identified, with the envelope protein most affected. Findings indicate ROCV cryptic circula...
Vectorcardiography at rest and during exercise in horses using the Delta (Δ) 12-lead configuration. Twelve-lead electrocardiography (ECG) is essential in human cardiology but remains poorly investigated in equine medicine due to a lack of standardization and inconsistent findings. Objective: Describe the normal vectorcardiogram (VCG) variation in horses at rest and during exercise using Delta 12-lead ECG, including repeatability and intra- and interobserver variations. Methods: One hundred two healthy Warmblood horses, aged 3-20 years, were examined at rest, of which 30 also during exercise. Methods: Prospective, observational study. Electrocardiograms were recorded using a Δ 12-lead confi...
Evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense biomarkers in healthy and colic horses: correlation with type of colic and outcome. Colic is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, with oxidative stress implicated in its pathophysiology. Objective: Evaluate biomarkers (BIOs) of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in healthy horses and those with non-strangulating colic (NSC) and strangulating colic (SC) and assess correlations with survival. Methods: Seventy-one adult horses: 10 healthy and 61 colic-affected (42 NSC, 19 SC) admitted to 3 veterinary teaching hospitals. Methods: Prospective, multicenter cohort study. Blood samples were collected at admission (T0) and up to 96 h post-admission. Biomarkers me...
Prolonged wireless measurement of intragastric pH in foals. The pathogenesis of gastric ulceration is not well understood in foals, and its relationship with gastric acidity requires further investigation. A wireless capsule, designed for intraesophageal pH monitoring in humans, was adapted to measure intragastric pH in adult horses. Objective: To (1) determine the feasibility of wireless intragastric pH measurement in foals; (2) determine capsule attachment duration; and (3) describe the intragastric pH profiles recorded. Methods: Eight healthy foals aged 24-98 days. Methods: Prospective interventional study. Capsules were attached to the glandular g...
Pharmacokinetic analysis and steady-state predictions of different preparations of metronidazole administered per rectum in adult horses. Manipulation of forms of rectally administered metronidazole to improve bioavailability in horses has not been reported. Objective: Evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 3 rectal metronidazole preparations compared to nasogastric (NG) administration. Methods: Seven healthy horses. Methods: Phase 1A was a randomized, 3-way crossover, single-dose pharmacokinetic study, and Phases 1B and 2 were non-randomized, single-dose follow-up studies. Metronidazole (20 mg/kg) was administered NG and rectally in water (RW20), as a rectal gel (RG), and in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Metronidazole (80 mg/kg) was a...
Assessment of baseline adrenocorticotropic hormone and insulin concentrations in healthy horses in Saskatchewan over a 1-year period. Endocrine disorders in horses, such as pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction and equine metabolic syndrome, rely on hormone testing for diagnosis, but seasonal and regional variabilities highlight the need for locally generated data. Objective: To characterize monthly blood concentrations of ACTH and insulin over 1 year in healthy horses in Saskatchewan. A secondary objective was to assess the association between these outcomes and the following factors: sex, age, breed, pregnancy status, level of exercise, body condition score, and cresty neck score. Methods: Sixty-eight clinically healthy, c...
Associations among beta-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol concentration, age, and clinical signs indicative of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in geriatric horses. Limited published data are available regarding the relationships among clinical signs associated with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), age, and concentrations of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides and cortisol. Objective: Identify clinical signs associated with age, beta-endorphin (β-END), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol concentrations and compare β-END and cortisol concentrations between horses with PPID and geriatric controls. Methods: A total of 113 horses aged 18-32 years. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Clinical signs were scored, plasma β-END, ACTH, an...
The effects of furosemide on pulmonary transmural pressure and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in supramaximally exercising thoroughbred racehorses. Maximal intensity exercise in equine athletes induces pulmonary capillary stress failure and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) secondary to excessive transmural pressure (Ptm). Furosemide decreases EIPH severity and pulmonary arterial (PAP) and pulmonary wedge (PAW) pressures. Objective: Assess the effects of furosemide on Ptm and EIPH during supramaximal exercise. Methods: Six fit retired Thoroughbreds with consistent EIPH Grade ≥ 2. Methods: Horses performed a controlled crossover design protocol, completing standardized treadmill tests (120%V̇O2max) before and 4 h after int...
Cannabidiol-induced cellular and matrix-associated responses in primary equine sarcoid cells. Sarcoids are locally invasive skin tumors in equids, associated with bovine papillomavirus. Objective: Address potential applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in veterinary medicine. We evaluated the response of equine sarcoid cells to CBD in vitro, focusing on viability, invasiveness, and matrix remodeling. Methods: Three primary sarcoid cell lines. Methods: Cells were treated with CBD (20, 6.75, 2.25, 0.75 μM) and incubated for 6, 24, 48, 72 hours. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis were assessed using the ApoTox-Glo Assay. Based on these results, further analyses were performed for ...
The effect of botulinum toxin injection into the deep digital flexor muscle on foot biomechanics in healthy horses. To examine the effects of botulinum toxin inoculation into the deep digital flexor (DDF) muscle on foot biomechanics. Unassigned: 6 healthy horses were injected with botulinum toxin in the DDF of 1 forelimb. The opposite forelimb was untreated. Ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured using a pressure sensor in regions of interest, including the dorsal hoof wall (toe). The location of the center of pressure (COP) was measured relative to the dorsal hoof wall during static standing and at peak stance during walking. Repeat measurements 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after injection were compared t...
Pharmacokinetics of Topical Administration of Altrenogest in Mares and Implications for Human Health. Altrenogest is a synthetic progestogen widely used in equine reproductive management. Adverse effects to altrenogest have been reported in people with cutaneous exposure reported as the highest exposure pathway. Despite these reports, there has been no quantitative research to determine the capacity for altrenogest to be absorbed through skin. This study aimed to determine if cutaneous application of oral altrenogest results in systemic absorption in mares and to evaluate the influence of application site. A randomized, two-period, two-treatment crossover study was undertaken in eight mares. M...
Ectopic eruption of a permanent mandibular tooth in a miniature horse: case report. Developmental and eruption abnormalities are common and can result in progressive dental diseases. Ectopic eruption of the affected tooth may be the result of these processes. This study aims to report the occurrence of a permanent mandibular tooth in a horizontal position, with retention of the corresponding deciduous tooth, in a miniature horse. A 2-year-old female miniature horse was admitted to the veterinary hospital with a hard swelling on the left mandibular ramus, which had been growing continuously for three months. After a complete evaluation, it was concluded that the swelling was t...
Equine lameness detection and monitoring during diagnostic anaesthesia with an instrumented hoof boot. Ground reaction forces are accepted as gold standard for objective assessment of weightbearing lameness but measurements at the hoof are limited to experimental devices. This study aimed to evaluate whether innovative instrumented hoof boots (IHBs) could detect and monitor lameness in horses during diagnostic anaesthesia. Twenty-six horses referred for lameness examination (15 front limbs, 17 hindlimbs) were equipped with IHBs and body mounted inertial sensors. Data were collected simultaneously before and after diagnostic anaesthesia until objectively considered positive. Recorded IHB data i...
Environmental Occurrence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Equine Anesthetic Induction and Recovery Box: A Single-Center Study. In horses, surgical site infections (SSIs) are multifactorial complications influenced by patient-related, procedural, and environmental factors. While perioperative contamination has been extensively studied in the operating theater, the anesthetic induction and recovery environment has received limited attention. The aim of this study was to characterize bacterial contamination within an equine anesthetic induction and recovery stall and to evaluate its spatial and temporal distribution. Environmental samples were collected from four predefined locations within the stall at three time points...
