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Hoof and movement asymmetry in Thoroughbred racehorses with predominantly single direction training. To investigate associations between contralateral (left-right) hoof width asymmetry and vertical movement asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds. We hypothesized that forehoof differences would be associated with poll and withers movement asymmetry and hind hoof differences with pelvis movement asymmetry. Unassigned: This observational cross-sectional study included 169 Thoroughbred racehorses recently retired from clockwise racing and assessed the day of scheduled farriery work. Contralateral hoof width differences were quantified and movement asymmetry during trot measured using inertial sensors ...
Serial postoperative peritoneal fluid analyses in horses with naturally-occurring strangulating and non-strangulating gastrointestinal lesions. To describe characteristics of postoperative peritoneal fluid following exploratory laparotomy for naturally-occurring gastrointestinal lesions in horses. Methods: Prospective, observational cohort study. Methods: A total of 26 client-owned horses that underwent exploratory laparotomy for naturally-occurring gastrointestinal lesions. Methods: Abdominocentesis was performed pre- or intraoperatively, and at three time points postoperatively (24, 72, and 168 h). Peritoneal lactate, total protein (TP), total nucleated cell count (TNCC), cytology, and systemic lactate were performed at each time ...
Spatial Variation in Turf Surface Properties of Polo Pitches: A Case Study of Different Handicaps of Argentina. Polo is a high-speed equestrian sport that imposes mechanical demands on horses and turf, yet limited research has examined the functional behavior of polo playing surfaces. This study characterizes the spatial variability of mechanical surface properties across turf polo pitches representing high-, medium-, and low-handicap categories. Three fields were assessed using lightweight field-based instruments, including the Impact Test Device (ITD), Rotational Peak Shear (RPS) tester, Going Stick© for penetration (GSP) and shear (GSS), and a TDR probe for volumetric moisture content (VMC%). A tota...
Variation of surface properties over ten consecutive days of Chuckwagon racing on a dirt racetrack. Chuckwagon races are conducted on dedicated tracks with an "infield" used for rodeo activities and a "track" used for racing. Thoroughbred horses (4 per wagon) first navigate a Chuckwagon in a figure eight maneuver around two barrels in the "infield" before galloping around the "track" and finishing the race in the "infield". Objective: Quantify surface properties (and their association with moisture content) for "track" and "infield". We hypothesized that, due to different preparation, property differences would be larger between "track" and "infield" than across consecutive days and surface ...
Machine learning-based prediction and quantification of OCD surgery and pedigree effects on racehorse performance. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is a common developmental orthopedic condition in Thoroughbred racehorses and although arthroscopic surgery is widely used for treatment, its long-term effects on race performance remain unclear. This retrospective study evaluated the effect of OCD surgery on race performance, compared the predictive power of pedigree and management variables and applied interpretable machine learning methods for forecasting race performance outcomes. Data were collected from 75 Thoroughbreds that underwent OCD surgery between 2015 and 2017 and 257 maternal siblings without reco...
Unilateral vision loss associated with corneal opacity and posterior lens luxation in the right eye of a Thoroughbred gelding: Case report. A 15-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was presented for examination due to chronic corneal opacity in the right eye, which had been noted for several years. An ophthalmic evaluation revealed dense, irregular corneal opacity; an absence of the direct pupillary light reflex; and a positive dazzle reflex. Fluorescein staining was negative and cytology of a corneal conjunctival swab identified nucleated squamous epithelial cells, but no inflammatory cells. Slit-lamp examination failed to visualize intraocular structure, and the lesion was deemed to be chronic and irreversible. An obstacle-avoidance t...
Heart Rate as an Indicator of Stress in Gotland’s Russ Horses. Animal welfare concerns both the physical and mental wellbeing of animals so the assessment of animals kept in captivity, for example zoos, is important and necessary both legally and ethically. Good welfare is especially vital when breeding endangered species as stress impairs reproductive investment. As zoos often have high numbers of visitors, it is important to know if humans and the associated noise might influence the animals' welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of visitors and activities offered to the visitors caused a stress response in horses housed...
Metabolomics reveals early predictors of blastocyst formation in equine ICSI-derived embryos. Equine in vitro embryo production (IVP) via ovum pick-up (OPU) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has gained prominence in sport-horse breeding due to high success rates, efficient semen utilization, and year-round embryo production, including from mares with fertility challenges or postmortem. However, assessing viability of early-stage ICSI-produced equine embryos remains challenging due to subjective morphological evaluations and limited visibility of developmental features. Non-invasive metabolomic analysis of culture media offers a promising alternative to enhance embryo selectio...
Obtention and preliminary clinical evaluation of an equine albumin for intravenous administration in adult Colombian Creole Horses (Equus ferus caballus). Albumin is one of the most abundant and physiologically important blood protein in horses due to its ability to regulate vascular volume and transport blood metabolites or drugs. Despite the importance of this protein, in Colombia there is no previous reference of the use of equine albumin in horses as a pharmacological therapy and there is no available any pharmaceutical preparation of this protein to be administrated in horses. This study aims to evaluate for first time the preliminary clinical response of healthy adult Colombian Creole horses after the intravenous administration of an equin...
Updates on Diagnosis and Treatment of Guttural Pouch Conditions. The complex anatomy and unique features of the equine guttural pouch create diagnostic and treatment challenges. Novel surgical approaches, as well as transendoscopic devices and medications, have improved the management of guttural pouch conditions, such as mycosis, empyema, tympany, and temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Guidelines for Streptococcus equi subspecies equi diagnosis and disinfection protocols are strengthened by new evidence for point-of-care polymerase chain reaction, serial sampling for determining carrier status, and evaluation of disinfection techniques.
Transthoracic impedance in adult Thoroughbred horses is similar to other species. To determine transthoracic impedance (TTI) in adult horses using an exponential biphasic defibrillator and investigate patient and technique factors influencing TTI. Unassigned: A randomized crossover design with 2 phases was used. Phase 1: TTI was measured in dorsal and lateral recumbency, with and without manual pressure on the electrodes in deceased horses immediately following euthanasia. Phase 2: TTI was measured in dorsal recumbency during inspiration and expiration using anesthetized live horses sourced from 2 terminal studies. Mixed-effects linear regression modeling was performed to a...
Fragile foal syndrome: manifestations, heterozygous advantage and the future of breeding policies. Scientific interest in relation to Fragile Foal Syndrome (FFS) has proliferated in the last decade, but before this, many clinical cases were attributed to other similarly presenting equine neonatal disorders. It was thought that FFS-affected foals were mainly miscarried throughout gestation, but recent study results suggest that often, foals are born alive and die shortly after birth. FFS is proposed to have originated as long ago as the Godolphin Arabian, but the definite derivation of the mutant allele is unconfirmed. The discovery that FFS is present in 11-30% of Warmbloods and 2-3% of Tho...
Influence of parasitic load, breed, age, housing and season on skin and hair coat condition in horses. Strongyles are nematode parasites that affect the large intestine and cecum of the horse, with symptoms ranging from poor hair coat to colic. This can influence gut health, nutrient absorption, and overall body condition. Objective: Determine the effects of parasitic load, breed, age, housing, and season on skin and hair coat conditions. We hypothesized that horses with low fecal egg counts would have better hair and skin coat condition compared with those with high fecal egg counts. Methods: A total of forty-five Morgan and 11 Thoroughbred horses were included in this study. We tested the eff...
Bilateral hindlimb superficial digital flexor tendinopathy in a sports horse. Superficial digital flexor tendinopathy is a common cause of forelimb lameness in Thoroughbred racehorses and sports horses; however, this condition is rarely observed in the hindlimb. A 16-year-old Irish sports horse gelding was presented with bilateral swelling in the plantar metatarsal region and severe bilateral hindlimb lameness visible at the walk. The lameness occurred after the cross-country phase of an eventing competition. The clinical suspicion of superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injury was confirmed after ultrasonographic examination, which revealed an extensive core lesion...
Update on Idiopathic Trigeminal-Mediated Headshaking. Idiopathic trigeminal-mediated headshaking is a painful neuropathic disorder characterized by sudden, violent, predominantly vertical head movements of unknown etiology. Clinical signs may be seasonal or persistent and triggered by light, sound, exercise, or tactile nasal stimulation. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving abnormal trigeminal nerve excitability influenced by hormonal, environmental, and dietary factors. Treatment is challenging and typically multimodal, aiming to reduce trigeminal hypersensitivity and improve quality of life.
Utility of dynamic preload indices of hypovolemia in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. To evaluate the utility of the dynamic indices, systolic pressure variation (SPV%), pulse pressure variation (PPV%) and plethysmographic variability index (PVI%) during induced hypovolemia, and to determine their correlation with cardiac output (CO) in anesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: A group of eight healthy adult research horses. Methods: After sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, anesthesia was induced with IV ketamine and diazepam and maintained with constant-dose isoflurane delivered in 100% oxygen. Horses were positioned in dorsal recumbency, par...
Facial hair whorl location, behavior, and ocular temperature as a physiological stress indicator in young Pura Raza Española dressage horses. Behavioral and emotional reactivity assessment in sport horses is essential for optimizing their management and sports performance, particularly in equestrian disciplines such as Dressage. This study investigates, in Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses, the association between facial hair whorl (FHW) patterns, behavioral traits, and physiological stress responses using ocular temperature (OT) assessed with infrared thermography as, an objective, non-invasive physiological stress indicator. Unassigned: A total of 98 male PRE horses, aged 4-6 years old and all gray coated, were evaluated during the...
Effect of feeder style on intake rate of equine concentrates. There are many different concentrate feeders available to horse owners, but little data exists on feeder effect of equine intake rate. Rapid consumption ("bolting") is associated with issues such as esophageal obstruction. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate three common concentrate feeders on intake rate. We hypothesized horses would have the slowest intake rate when fed from the trough. Methods: Four geldings were fed 0.454 kg of concentrate from a pan on the ground (P), shallow trough (T), or hanging feeder (H). Horses were randomly assigned a first feeder and then rotate...
Combined Analysis of the Transcriptome and Metabolome at Different Tissue Glycogen Levels in Yili Horses. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between genes and metabolites involved in glycogen metabolism across different tissues of Yili mares using joint transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Glycogen content was measured in various tissues (pincer, trapezius, latissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, external abdominal obliques, liver, and heart) from seven Yili mares. The liver, as the visceral tissue with the highest glycogen content, and the gluteus medius, as the muscle with the highest glycogen content, were selected for transcriptomic sequencing and metabolomic analys...
More conservative use of antimicrobials does not adversely affect treatment outcomes in foal bronchopneumonia. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance raises concerns about using antibiotics in veterinary medicine, particularly in cases of bronchopneumonia in foals diagnosed early based on a screening programme. Many subclinical foals recover spontaneously, thus, interest in more restrictive antibiotic usage is increasing. Objective: To determine whether initiating antimicrobial therapy at a later stage of bronchopneumonia decreases antimicrobial usage without compromising successful resolution of pathology in affected foals. Methods: A total of 1200 warmblood foals born in 2020, 2022, 2023 and 2024 ...
Parasite management practices used by owners of Australian Pony Club horses and the factors influencing their decision-making processes. There is a lack of information on horse parasite management practices currently used by individual horse owners in Australia. A voluntary, anonymous online survey was developed for and distributed by Pony Club Australia to its members seeking information on horse population; housing; paddock, manure and parasite management; and owner attitudes. From a total of 98 completed responses, 95/98 of participants indicated their horses spent time in paddocks, 91/98 administered anthelmintics, 42/98 guessed their horse's body weight for dosing, 78/98 recalled the dewormer brand or active ingredient las...
Characterisation of Salmonella Typhimurium from a fatal equine nosocomial outbreak and retrospective analysis of equine clinic salmonellosis cases (2010-2025). In 2024, a highly fatal outbreak of equine salmonellosis occurred in a Hungarian equine referral hospital, resulting in the death or euthanasia of four out of five affected horses. () subsp. serovar Typhimurium was identified as the primary causative agent from equine faecal, reflux, and post-mortem intestinal content samples, while one case involved Coeln. Extensive environmental sampling during the outbreak also yielded multiple serovars. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high degree of genetic relatedness among the Typhimurium isolates, confirming nosocomial transmission. The source ...
A pilot study to assess feasibility of a computer-assisted surgery system for navigation in the equine cervical spine. To validate the accuracy of the Synaptive Medical computer-assisted surgery (CAS) system for navigation in the equine cervical spine, focusing on anatomical targets that require precise localization. Unassigned: 3 equine cervical spine cadavers were used (C1-T1) for an experimental study design. A custom fiducial array was mounted into the dorsal spinous process of C2, with additional fiducial markers distributed for landmark registration. Four participants with varying surgical expertise used the Synaptive Medical CAS system to navigate 9 radiodense pins into 3 anatomical targets, including t...
Manual graphic roadmap for transarterial coil embolization of guttural pouch arteries in horses: A technical note. This technical note describes the use of a manual graphic roadmap (MGR) to assist fluoroscopic guidance during transarterial coil embolization (TACE) for guttural pouch (GP) arterial hemorrhage. Horses underwent MGR-assisted TACE at the Equine Clinic, Free University of Berlin, between 2012 and 2024. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with fluoroscopic guidance. Following the initial angiogram, a transparent foil was secured to the fluoroscopy monitor, and an assistant traced the vascular anatomy with a waterproof marker to create the MGR, which then served as a guide for catheter ...
3D printed aiming device for equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis: Ex vivo study. To determine the benefit of using a three-dimensional (3D)-printed titanium aiming device for placing two 5.5-mm transarticular screws during proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) arthrodesis in equine species. Methods: Ex vivo study. Methods: A total of 40 cadaveric forelimbs from adult horses. Methods: A senior surgeon and a first-year resident each performed 20 constructs: 10 using the device and 10 using a freehand technique. Procedure duration and number of intraoperative radiographs were recorded. Final radiographs were evaluated by an ECVS-certified surgeon unaware of treatment group, b...
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with disease severity and infectious etiologies of colitis in horses presenting with acute colitis. To evaluate associations between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), nonsurvival, illness severity, and infectious etiologies. Unassigned: This was a retrospective multicenter study that included 100 healthy horses and 444 horses presenting with acute diarrhea to 5 equine referral hospitals. Inclusion criteria were diarrhea duration < 48 hours, complete hemograms, and outcome data. Illness severity was assessed using systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The results of pathogen testing for Salmonella spp, equine coronavirus, Clostridium spp, and Neorickettsia risticii/findlayensis ...
Confocal laser endomicroscopy: exploring endometrial image quality in relation to the oestrous cycle of mares. Assessment of the endometrium is an essential component of a breeding soundness examination in mares. The current reference standard for evaluating equine endometrial health is histopathological assessment of an endometrial biopsy, however, inconsistencies may arise when a single blinded biopsy is used. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is non-invasive and enables real-time in-vivo imaging of the endometrium across multiple locations within the uterine lumen. An initial study revealed variation in CLE image quality between mares. Objective: This study aimed to compare the quality of endometr...
Optimising Camera-ChArUco Geometry for Motion Compensation in Standing Equine CT: A CT-Motivated Benchtop Study. Standing equine computed tomography (CT) acquisitions are susceptible to residual postural sway, which can introduce view-inconsistent motion and degrade image quality. External optical tracking based on ChArUco fiducials is a promising, low-cost strategy to enable projection-wise motion compensation, yet quantitative guidance on how camera-marker geometry affects pose-estimation performance remains limited. This CT-motivated benchtop study characterizes how the relative camera-ChArUco configuration influences both the accuracy (bias with respect to ground truth) and the precision (repeatabili...
Disorders of the Equine Head and Neck: Paranasal Sinuses. This article provides an overview of equine paranasal sinus disease with emphasis on relevant anatomy, diagnostic considerations, and commonly encountered pathologic conditions. It outlines the structure and drainage of the paranasal sinuses to establish a foundation for understanding disease development and spread. The discussion reviews available diagnostic modalities and their roles in localizing disease and determining underlying causes. Common sinus disorders are presented with attention to their general pathophysiology, diagnostic features, treatment approaches, and expected outcomes. Co...
Functional and histopathologic evidence of laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve in horses. To evaluate functional and histopathologic outcomes of standing selective laryngeal reinnervation using the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) in horses with experimentally induced recurrent laryngeal neuropathy (RLN). Methods: Five Thoroughbred mares. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: The horses underwent left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy followed 8 weeks later by selective laryngeal reinnervation using the SAN. Follow-up evaluations at 4.5, 6, 8, and 12 months included treadmill exercising endoscopy, ultrasonography of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, and percutaneous electrical stimul...
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