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Topic:Emergency Care
Emergency care in horses involves the immediate assessment and treatment of acute medical conditions or injuries to stabilize the animal and prevent further harm. This area of veterinary practice encompasses a range of situations, including colic, traumatic injuries, respiratory distress, and sudden lameness. Emergency care procedures may involve physical examinations, diagnostic imaging, fluid therapy, pain management, and, in some cases, surgical intervention. This topic includes peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the methods, protocols, and outcomes associated with emergency interventions in equine medicine.
Centrifugation of peritoneal fluid improves visual assessment of strangulating lesions in equine colic. Early and accurate recognition of a strangulating lesion is essential to expedite surgical intervention in horses presenting with colic. Objective: To evaluate the use of a colour grading scale in the visual assessment of peritoneal fluid, before and after centrifugation, and assess its ability to predict the presence of a strangulating lesion. Methods: Prospective clinical study. Methods: Peritoneal fluid samples from 231 equids presenting with colic were visually analysed immediately after collection and assigned a numerical value based on a developed colour scale. Peritoneal fluid was centr...
The Impact of a Horse Kick: A Systematic Review of Horse-Related Maxillofacial Trauma. : To systematically review the evidence on horse-related maxillofacial trauma, with emphasis on horse-kick injuries, anatomical patterns, associated injuries, management, outcomes, and prevention. : This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 statement. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for original clinical studies reporting facial, craniofacial, orbital, dental, or maxillofacial injuries related to horse-associated activities. Data were extracted on study characteristics, demographics, mechanism, mounted/unmounted status, anatomical site, asso...
Russell’s viper envenomation in a 9-month pregnant mare saved with high-dose antivenom: a first-in-world case report. Snakebite during pregnancy is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic event, with maternal and foetal outcomes closely related to the severity of envenomation. While snakebite in pregnant women has been sporadically reported and is known to be associated with significant obstetrical complications, envenomation in animals, particularly in pregnant horses, is exceedingly rare. Only a few isolated cases of snakebite in horses have been documented, and to the best of our knowledge, snakebite in a pregnant mare has not been previously reported in the medical or veterinary literature. Russell's vip...
Hoist failure during recovery transfer in an anaesthetised horse: a near miss analysed through a Safety-II lens. A 660 kg, 11-year-old Irish Sport Horse gelding underwent general anaesthesia for an out-of-hours emergency exploratory laparotomy. After approximately 5 hours of anaesthesia, transfer to the recovery box began, using a ceiling-mounted hoist. As the horse crossed the theatre-recovery interface, the hoist failed due to mechanical disengagement. This resulted in loss of electrical power, leaving the anaesthetised horse suspended approximately 150 cm above the floor for approximately 10 minutes. The horse could not be advanced, reversed, or lowered using standard controls. Activity was paused, an...
Imaging of the Equine Abdomen Using Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS)-A Resource for the Equine Practitioner. Wireless ultrasound (US) probes for point of care (POC) evaluation of horses presented for veterinary evaluation of colic have become widely available in recent years. The availability and performance of this technology mean POCUS is readily available to the equine practitioner and the technology is well suited to patient evaluation or serial monitoring in first opinion practice. In human health care and veterinary contexts, it has been suggested that there is a need for practitioners to better appreciate the value of POCUS for assessment of gastrointestinal structure and function. This study ...
Evaluation of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in horses with colic associated with acute gastrointestinal disease. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a severe clinical condition commonly observed in horses with acute gastrointestinal disease associated with colic and is linked to increased risk of organ dysfunction and mortality. Early identification of SIRS and reliable prognostic indicators are essential to improve clinical management. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of SIRS in adult horses with colic, evaluate its association with outcome, and investigate the prognostic value of selected clinicopathological variables. Unassigned: A total of 41 adult horses admitted for acute gas...
Equine-related injuries in rural Oklahoma: a 10-year experience emphasizing genitourinary trauma. Equine-related injuries are a significant yet under-researched cause of trauma in rural areas, particularly in high-equine-density states like Oklahoma. This study describes patterns, severity, and outcomes of equine-related injuries over a 10-year period at a Level II trauma center, with emphasis on genitourinary (GU) trauma. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included all patients admitted with equine-related injuries from May 2015 to December 2025 (nโ=โ259). Data were abstracted from the trauma registry, including demographics, injury mechanisms, anatomic locations (with GU injuri...
A 12-year review of equestrian related injuries at a major trauma centre in South Africa. Few studies on equestrian-related injuries have specifically focused on patients in South Africa. The aim of this study was to review the spectrum of injuries and of patients treated at state-funded trauma centres in South Africa. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted over a 12-year period from July 2012 to February 2025 on all patients treated for equestrian-related injuries. Results: A total of 82 patients were included (83% male, median age: 17 years, median injury severity score (ISS): 9). The most common mechanism of injury was a fall ( = 41), followed by a kick ( = 38). Two were t...
Prepubic Tendon Rupture and Uterine Herniation in a Late-Term Kurdish Mare: A Case Report. Prepubic tendon rupture (PPTR) is a rare but life-threatening complication in late-term pregnant mares. It results in abdominal wall failure, ventral oedema and a poor prognosis for both the mare and foetus. A 14-year-old multiparous Kurdish mare at approximately 310 days of gestation presented with acute ventral distension, reluctance to walk and cranial displacement of the udder. Clinical evaluation revealed tachycardia, pallor and Grade 3/4 ventral oedema. Haematology indicated leucocytosis and haemoconcentration. Transabdominal ultrasonography showed a viable foetus and severe thinning of ...
Case Report: Neurologic signs following rattlesnake envenomation. Rattlesnake envenomation is a common emergency in horses in California. Rattlesnakes belong to a group of venomous snakes: pit vipers. The Northern Pacific Rattlesnake (), a subspecies of the Western Rattlesnake, is the most widespread rattlesnake in California (1). A 5-year-old miniature horse mare presented for a presumed Western Rattlesnake bite. The owners found the horse the morning of presentation with severe facial swelling and the horse was housed in an area where rattlesnakes are commonly observed. The horse was reported to be normal the day prior to presentation. On blood examination...
Nitric oxide and its role in the management of hypoxaemia in the anaesthetised horse-a narrative review. To outline historical aspects of nitric oxide, including its discovery and biological effects, to describe the current use of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in human healthcare, and to review the available evidence on the use of pulsed iNO (PiNO) for the management of hypoxaemia in anaesthetised horses. Methods: Google Scholar and PubMed databases were searched using the search terms nitric oxide, PiNO, environment, discovery, acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, horse, pony, hypoxaemia, and anaesthesia. Conclusions: Inhaled NO is licensed in the management of hypoxic respira...
Characteristics of horse riding-related falls in patients presenting to emergency departments in manche department, france: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Horse riding-related falls are a frequent cause of emergency department (ED) presentations; however, their regional epidemiology in France is poorly described. We aimed to quantify the incidence of ED visits after falling from a horse in the Manche Department and characterize the injury patterns, resource use, and short-term outcomes. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study across six hospitals in Manche (France), including all patients presenting to the ED after a fall from a horse between May 1, 2021, and October 31, 2024. Demographics, initial clinical status, imaging findin...
Joint dislocations due to equestrian activity: what can a sports physician anticipate? Horse riding is a common sport, but no study specifically addresses joint dislocations. The purpose of this study is to describe joint dislocations due to equines using a national emergency department (ED) database. Such data can be helpful in injury prevention strategies. Unassigned: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database for the years 2000-2023 was used. The NEISS database is a statistically representative sample of injuries seen in EDs across the US giving national estimates. Mechanism of injury was tabulated into groups: 1) did the patient fall from the horse 2...
Prognostic Significance of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate for Survival in Equine Colic. Accurate early prognostic assessment is a central aspect of clinical decision-making in horses presenting with colic. Despite the availability of multiple clinical and laboratory parameters, reliable biomarkers that provide useful information at the time of admission remain limited. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a non-specific indicator of systemic inflammation that has recently been validated for automated point-of-care use in horses. Its behaviour in equine colic has not been previously characterised. This study included 85 horses admitted for colic at two university referral hospita...
A Novel Equine F[ab’]2 Veterinary Antivenom for North American Viperid Snake Envenomation Demonstrates Efficacy by Rapid Serum Venom Removal and Improvement in Snakebite Severity Score. To assess the efficacy of a new equine F[ab'] antivenom (US Department of Agriculture code 6101.05) in removing serum venom and lowering the snakebite severity score (SSS) in animals suffering from naturally occurring viperid envenomation. Methods: Retrospective study, April 2020 to October 2021. Methods: Veterinary hospitals across four North American regions. Methods: Twenty-two dogs, one cat, and one horse. Methods: All patients received the new antivenom intravenously and were assessed for clinical response. Most dogs required one vial for clinical control of signs. Results: Among the dogs...
Case Report: Inhaled salbutamol in the successful treatment of life-threatening acute hyperkalaemia in an anaesthetised horse. Hyperkalaemia is an uncommon complication of general anaesthesia in healthy horses. This case report describes the occurrence of life-threatening acute hyperkalaemia in a 13-year-old, female French Trotter anaesthetised for experimental right and left atrial 3D electro-anatomical mapping. Intra-operative development of hyperkalaemia (7.55โฏmmol/L) (Ref. 3.00-4.00โฏmmol/L) with atrial standstill on ECG necessitated transvenous ventricular pacing while initial treatment with insulin and glucose was initiated. Plasma potassium levels continued to increase (8.00โฏmmol/L) prompting adjunctive tr...
Development and application of a focused ultrasound protocol in neonatal foals. This study aimed to develop a standardized ultrasound (US) protocol using selected thoracic and abdominal acoustic windows, to assess its feasibility and applicability in healthy foals, and to evaluate its usefulness for detecting common thoracic and abdominal conditions in sick foals. The Focused US (FUS) protocol included 12 thoraco-abdominal windows (4 right-side, 3 ventral, 5 left-side) using a curved-array probe. It was applied to cohorts of healthy (nโฏ=โฏ17) and sick (nโฏ=โฏ23) foals by a veterinary clinician with limited US experience. The FUS showed good feasibility and applicabil...
Zoonotic aortic graft infection by Streptococcusequi. A 69-year-old woman with hypertension had undergone total arch replacement with an open stent graft 7 years prior. She was referred to our hospital for evaluation after experiencing fever (>38ย ยฐC) and cough. Chest radiography revealed a prominent aortic arch, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated aortic arch enlargement and peri-graft fluid collection containing air. These findings indicated graft infection and prompted immediate intervention. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a zoonotic pathogen associated with horses. Notably, the patient ...
Radiological assessment of equestrian-related trauma: A retrospective cohort study. Equestrian sports have been found to cause high rates of injuries. In clinical practise after such injuries, polytrauma protocol workups usually include whole-body computed tomography (WBCT), CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis with intravenous iodine contrast medium, and CT of the cervical spine and brain without contrast. The purpose was to investigate the use of WBCT in equestrian-related accidents, to analyse demographics, mechanism of injury (MOI), therapy and severity of equine-related accidents, radiology, and the use of protecting equipment. Methods: This is a retrospective study inclu...
Complications Associated with Equine Diagnostic and Elective procedures. The practice of medicine has always been associated with complications. In fact, in its early stages, these complications contributed to the understanding of certain diseases and advancement of the medical field. In equine practice, virtually every procedure carries an associated risk. In fact, even procedures that would have minimal risk in human medicine may pose significant risk in equine practice owing to the unique nature of the horse. For instance, a simple rectal palpation could result in a rectal tear following an unexpected movement of the patient. Thus, extrapolations of complication...
A national equine identification and traceability system for emergency preparedness and response in New Zealand. An essential component of a timely response to a disaster event or disease outbreak is an accurate understanding of the population at risk, its location, and the owners' contact details. In equines, this can be achieved through individual identification, via microchipping, and the registration of these individuals in a centralised database. This review outlines the development by the New Zealand Equine Health Association (NZEHA) of a centralised database for equines in New Zealand, the National Equine Identification and Traceability (NEIT) system, which is built using Companion Animal New Zeal...
Complications of the Recumbent Horse: Diagnosis and Management. This issue focuses on the potential complications caused by prolonged recumbency in horses. It discusses how managing a recumbent horse involves treating the primary illness while also preventing and addressing secondary issues that can arise from recumbency itself. The authors explore the underlying pathophysiology of these complications, along with strategies for prevention and treatment. By understanding these aspects, veterinarians can improve care and outcomes for horses that are immobilized for extended periods. The issue provides insights into the most common complications and emphasize...
Correction: Risk assessment in equine anesthesia: a first evaluation of the usability, utility and predictivity of the two-part CHARIOT. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1384525.].
Horsing Around: A Retrospective Study of Equestrian Related Eye Injuries in the Emergency Department. Equestrian activities pose significant risks for ocular and ocular adnexal injuries, particularly from horse kicks and falls from horse riding. Objective: This study characterizes the spectrum of horse-related ocular trauma, analyzes outcomes, and provides recommendations for management of these injuries. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted at a large academic medical institution in the southeastern U.S. using ICD codes to identify horse-related ocular trauma cases. Demographics, injury mechanisms, clinical presentation, treatment, and long-term sequelae were analyzed. Results: Fifty...
Ivermectin toxicosis in a foal: Use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy. This report describes a case of ivermectin toxicosis in a 4-day-old thoroughbred colt successfully treated with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) without complications. This case supports the use of ILE as a safe and effective therapy for the management of lipophilic drug toxicosis in foals. Key clinical message: Ivermectin toxicosis, though rare in equine neonates, can occur following accidental overdose and induces severe neurologic signs. In this case, ILE administration resulted in rapid neurologic improvement and complete recovery without adverse effects, supporting its use as a safe and e...
Retrospective Evaluation of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Horses That Required Emergency Laparotomy: 341 Cases of Noninfectious Causes of Gastrointestinal Colic (2019-2024). To (1) compare total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) at admission between horses with medically managed, large intestinal (LI) and small intestinal (SI) surgical colic; (2) compare TNCC and NLR between survivors and nonsurvivors; and (3) investigate associations between TNCC, NLR, surgical intervention, and outcome. Methods: Case-control study. Methods: Single, academic institution. Methods: A total of 341 adult horses diagnosed with noninfectious medical or surgical colic. Results: Admission TNCC did not differ between the medical and combined surgical gro...
Life-threatening anaphylaxis following antivenom administration in two patients with horse dander allergy. Antivenom is used to treat systemic envenomation and is immunoglobulin G raised from animals, mainly horses, inoculated by venom. Unassigned: We report two cases of life-threatening anaphylaxis following the administration of antivenom in patients with known horse dander allergy. Unassigned: A 14-year-old boy presented with redback spider envenomation. He had a known horse dander allergy. He received antivenom to treat severe pain and developed immediate severe anaphylaxis requiring endotracheal intubation and inotropic support. A 52-year-old man with horse dander allergy presented with suspec...
Amputations and Avulsion Injuries due to Human/Equine Interaction. IntroductionAmputations and avulsion injuries due to horse-associated activity are rare, yet they can result in significant impairment. The purpose of this study was to further investigate such injuries using a national emergency department database.MethodsThe US National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was used to identify horse-associated amputation and avulsion injuries occurring between 2000-2023. Demographic data of age, sex, and injury details were collected.ResultsThere were 34,091 emergency department visits for equine-associated injuries, with 120 (0.35%) due to amputati...
