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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Exposure in Horses to Human Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever Agent Borrelia persica, Israel, 2025. Human tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia persica is common in western Asia. A survey of 301 horses in Israel revealed 9.96% seropositivity toward B. persica antigens; 1 horse (0.33%) was also PCR positive for B. persica DNA. Phylogenetic analysis supported a transmission cycle involving ticks, humans, and horses.
Owner-Reported Cohort Study of Causes, Management and Outcome of Traumatic Wounds in 219 Horses. Current evidence on traumatic equine wounds are predominantly from expert opinion reviews or referral hospital studies. This study aimed to describe the owner-reported causes, management and outcome of equine wounds. An owner-reported cohort approach was used. Owners of horses with recent traumatic wounds were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were collected from initial injury to final healing and outcome, including horse demographics, wound cause and location, owner- and veterinary-administered treatment, and outcome. Descriptive statistics included frequency percentages (%, x/y) and...
Short-term clinical responses in horses and ponies treated with canagliflozin: A clinical field study. Treatment with the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin in insulin dysregulated (ID) horses has shown promising results in randomised clinical trials. Larger field studies are needed to further evaluate treatment responses and potential adverse effects under real-world conditions. Objective: To assess the short-term effects of canagliflozin on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in client-owned horses and ponies with ID using a single-sample feed-challenge test (FCT), and to characterise treatment-associated changes in bodyweight, liver enzyme activities, and ...
Comparison of equine PBMC isolation using two protocols: Impact on key cellular parameters. There are diverse uses for equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in research. Studies have shown that PBMC isolation protocols can affect immune parameters of diagnostic and research assays. We aimed to assess the impact of equine blood handling techniques on cell yield, viability, and proliferation under mitogen stimulation. Whole blood (WB) samples were collected from eight healthy adult horses into heparinized tubes for PBMC isolation by comparing method 1 (M1) where freshly collected WB was layered directly over a density gradient medium for centrifugation, followed by PBMC harv...
First confirmed report of equine coital exanthema in Uruguayan horses. Equine Coital Exanthema (ECE) is a contagious venereal disease caused by Equid alphaherpesvirus 3 (EHV‑3). Although ECE is self-limiting, it causes significant economic losses to the global equine industry due to the temporary segregation of affected mares and stallions from breeding activities. This report describes the epidemiological, clinical, histological, and molecular findings from an outbreak of ECE in Uruguayan horses. Seven days following the introduction of a stallion, five mares developed extensive papular and vesicular dermatitis in the vaginal and perineal regions. The stallion...
Lacrimal caruncula thermography overestimates rectal temperature in horses: Influence of camera type and measurement distance. Rectal temperature (RT) is the gold standard for assessing body temperature in horses, but handling and welfare concerns limit its use. Thermography of the lacrimal caruncula (LC) has been proposed as a noncontact alternative, although its accuracy may be influenced by device characteristics and measurement distance. Objective: To evaluate agreement between LC thermography and RT in horses, compare two infrared thermal cameras and determine the effect of camera-to-subject distance on measurement bias and variability. Methods: LC temperature was recorded at 0.5, 1 and 2 using two cameras (IR Fl...
The anterograde tarsal venography enhances vessel visualization compared to the retrograde approach in horses. The objective of this study was to compare the number of vessels of the proximal venous access (ramus cranialis of vena saphena medialis) and the distal venous access (vena digitalis dorsalis communis II) for venography and, consequently, intravenous regional limb perfusion of the tarsal region. Seven horses underwent venographic examination of both hind limbs, divided into two groups: proximal venous access (PG) and distal venous access (DG). Rubber tourniquets were applied to the middle third of the tibia and the proximal third of the III metatarsal bone. Thirty mL of contrast was injected (...
Bexagliflozin controls hyperinsulinemia in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation: a placebo-controlled crossover trial. To evaluate bexagliflozin for insulin control in horses with naturally occurring insulin dysregulation. Unassigned: In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 10 client-owned Arabian horses with hyperinsulinemia (> 30 μIU/mL) were treated with bexagliflozin (0.03 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA03) or placebo control for a 10-day treatment period, crossing over after a 4-day washout. After a further 12-day washout, 8 of the horses were treated with bexagliflozin (0.06 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h; BEXA06) for an additional 7-day treatment period. Oral sugar tests were performed at the beginning of e...
The impact of barefoot racing in young Swedish trotters on career length. In several European countries, racing without shoes, i.e., barefoot, is a common strategy in trotting races to improve the speed of the horse. Why some trotters can race barefoot without damage to the hoof from excessive wear and others cannot, has been shown to partly be explained by differences in hoof composition. In particular, durable hind hooves are believed to be important to sustain racing without shoes. Also, variation in the proportion of the races the horse races with barefoot hind hooves, has been shown to be affected by genetic differences in Swedish Standardbred trotters (SB) and...
Dexmedetomidine infusions improve cardiovascular and renal function in anaesthetised, experimentally endotoxaemic horses. Dexmedetomidine infusions are beneficial in anaesthetised endotoxaemic horses when administered concurrent to endotoxin, but post-conditioning effects are unknown. Objective: To evaluate whether a dexmedetomidine infusion is beneficial in horses administered Escherichia coli O55:B5 lipopolysaccharides (LPS) endotoxin prior to anaesthesia. Methods: Randomised controlled in vivo experiment. Methods: Ten systemically healthy horses were instrumented for acquisition of cardiac index (CI) using thermodilution. Horses received IV LPS (0.1 μg/kg bwt) immediately prior to anesthesia. Horses receive...
Feasibility study of microbubble enhanced echocardiography in normal horses. Intrapulmonary shunting, a contributor to hypoxemia in both anesthetized and spontaneously breathing horses, may occur in association with pulmonary disease, general inhalation anesthesia, or systemic inflammation. In human medicine, transthoracic microbubble-enhanced echocardiography is a widely used method to detect intrapulmonary right-to-left shunting, especially in hepatopulmonary syndrome. This study aimed to adapt and evaluate the feasibility of this technique in horses, laying the groundwork for future clinical applications. Twelve healthy horses underwent two treatments: (1) infusion ...
The effect of form on equine salt intake. Sodium and chloride are required nutrients and are typically met using sodium chloride (salt) via compressed blocks. The objective of this study was to compare salt intake using block or loose salt. Sixteen mature horses were blocked by housing style and assigned to block salt or loose salt (form) for four 7-day periods. Salt intake was measured by weight at the end of each period and was not affected by form (P = 0.070) or period (P = 0.902). There was an effect of horse (P < 0.001). Horses consumed between 2 and 135 g of salt daily, however; over half of the horses in the study di...
Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor (SGLT2i) in Horses After Enteral Administration. Ertugliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor that has demonstrated promise as a treatment for hyperinsulinaemia in horses. Despite the frequent use of ertugliflozin in equine clinical practice, the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses has not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of one supratherapeutic dose (0.25 mg/kg) of ertugliflozin in eight horses. Horses were defined as being healthy by physical examination, haematological, blood biochemical and oral sugar test (OST) results. Plasma concentrations of ertugliflozin were qu...
Retrospective assessment of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) genotype-associated clinical disease in Ontario. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) is an important viral pathogen in horses, associated with diverse clinical manifestations including fever, upper and lower respiratory disease, neurological signs, ocular disease, and abortion. Currently, EHV-1 variants (genotypes) are classified based on a single nucleotide polymorphism mutation of the open reading frame 30 (ORF30). Unassigned: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the EHV-1 genotypes present in horses with various clinical presentations, including respiratory disease, abortion, and neurological disease, at a referral center in ...
Influence of Housing and Fecal Egg Count on Cytokine Profiles (IL-4 and IL-13) in Equines. Strongyles are parasitic roundworms that cause significant gastrointestinal infections in equines, primarily through contact with infected soil. Worldwide, strongylosis affects nearly 90% of horse populations. Objective: The objectives of our study were to determine if there was a relationship between fecal egg count (FEC) and housing types on interleukin IL-4 and IL-13. Methods: Horses (N=25) were separated into two groups based on housing conditions: pasture (housed on pasture 24/7; PS, N=13) and semi-intensive (housed in stalls with turnout overnight; SI, N=12). Within each housing group, t...
Treatment of ventricular arrhythmias with oral sotalol in four horses. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in horses can require medical intervention. Prompt pharmacological treatment is indicated when the arrhythmia leads to hemodynamic or electrical instability. Established antiarrhythmic treatment of VA in horses includes lidocaine and magnesium, administered parenterally. Other antiarrhythmic agents are used; however, concerns regarding adverse effects, financial restrictions, logistics of administration, and lack of access often limit their use. While anecdotal reports of oral administration of sotalol for treatment of VA in horses exist, sotalol has pri...
miRNA Sequencing and Differential Analysis of Testis in 1-Year-Old and 2-Year-Old Kazakh Horses. The represents a significant genetic resource within China's population, characterized by notable resilience and an ability to thrive on coarse forage. Nevertheless, a decline in its numbers has been observed recently, making the improvement of its reproductive performance crucial for the preservation of this breed and the advancement of the related industry. In this study, testicular tissues from 1-year-old (pre-pubertal) and 2-year-old (post-pubertal) were analyzed. miRNA sequencing was conducted on tissues from these age groups, followed by bioinformatics analyses to elucidate the functi...
The immediate effect of whole-body vibration therapy on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in horses with thoracolumbar pain. Treating primary back pain in horses can be challenging and often necessitates a multimodal approach. Whole-body vibration therapy (WBV) has been used in both horses and humans to alleviate pain and strengthen muscles. A recent study showed worsening back pain following a 30-minute session of WBV; however, the immediate effects of WBV were not evaluated. The purpose of this study was to assess the immediate effects of whole-body vibration therapy on horses with back pain after a single session of WBV. Objective: The objective of the current study was to determine the immediate effects on mecha...
Heart rate variability in horses with naturally occurring gastric ulcers: Response to omeprazole and sucralfate treatment. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is the most common disease affecting the equine stomach. Heart rate variability (HRV) describes and quantifies the variability between consecutive heartbeats due to the neurohormonal regulation of the heart. It has been considered a non-invasive method to detect autonomic tone changes that can be influenced by pain and disease. Unassigned: This study aimed to assess the HRV indices in horses affected by EGUS submitted or not to treatment. Unassigned: A cohort of 45 mares underwent baseline gastroscopy (T0); 24/45 mares diagnosed with Equine Squamous Gastric...
Prepubic Tendon Rupture and Uterine Herniation in a Late-Term Kurdish Mare: A Case Report. Prepubic tendon rupture (PPTR) is a rare but life-threatening complication in late-term pregnant mares. It results in abdominal wall failure, ventral oedema and a poor prognosis for both the mare and foetus. A 14-year-old multiparous Kurdish mare at approximately 310 days of gestation presented with acute ventral distension, reluctance to walk and cranial displacement of the udder. Clinical evaluation revealed tachycardia, pallor and Grade 3/4 ventral oedema. Haematology indicated leucocytosis and haemoconcentration. Transabdominal ultrasonography showed a viable foetus and severe thinning of ...
CD8+ T-cells, CD86+ macrophages and TNF-α signalling pathways are correlated with fetlock osteoarthritis in racehorses. There is emerging evidence for the role of the immune system in osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology; however, little is known about how immune cells and the synovial transcriptome are altered in naturally occurring equine OA. Objective: To evaluate synovial fluid (SF) and synovial membrane (SM) immune cell populations and the SM transcriptome in racehorses with fetlock OA. Methods: Cross-sectional cadaver study. Methods: Fetlock joints from racehorses euthanised at NY racetracks were considered for inclusion. SF and SM were analysed by flow cytometry using T-cell (CD3, CD4, CD8) and macrophage...
Rostral hard palate swelling (lampas) in horses: true or fiction? This study aimed to determine the occurrence of swellings (lampas) in the rostral portion of the hard palate in young, adult, and elderly horses and to characterize them histologically. One hundred and twenty horses of different ages were evaluated by oral inspection. Horses were classified with lampas when the mucosa of the hard palate extended beyond the occlusal surface of the upper incisors and samples of palatal mucosa were collected. Ten other horses without rostral hard palate alterations, euthanized for unrelated causes, were included as the control group. Histological analysis include...
Comparative analysis of mRNA and circRNA expression profiles and interaction networks in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses before and after sexual maturity. Mongolian horses, celebrated for their resilience and adaptability, undergo marked physiological transformations during sexual maturation. This study employed whole-transcriptome sequencing to conduct a comparative analysis of mRNA and circular RNA (circRNA) expression profiles, along with their interactive regulatory networks, in testicular tissues of Mongolian horses pre- and post-sexual maturity. Histological examinations using hematoxylin-eosin (H.E.) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining revealed distinct morphological differences between sexually immature and mature testicu...
Additional Evidence Fails to Associate Variation in KCNE4 With Equine Anhidrosis. A prior genome-wide association (GWA; N = 200) including Thoroughbreds and stock horses implicated chromosome 6 (NC_009149.3) in owner-reported equine anhidrosis. A missense variant in KCNE4 (NC_009149.3:g.11813731A>G) was proposed as a risk allele, although its association with anhidrosis was not reported. Variant annotation and protein modelling in the original study suggested the G allele conferred risk. We reported no association of the G allele with anhidrosis in 50 horses phenotyped by an intradermal terbutaline sweat test (ITST); all horses produced sweat regardless of genotype. ...
Ertugliflozin decreases the insulin spike in non-insulin dysregulated standardbred horses following intra-articular triamcinolone administration. Horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) are at an increased risk of laminitis following corticosteroid use. Ertugliflozin reduces hyperinsulinemia in horses with EMS, and therefore may be a management option to reduce the insulin spike seen post corticosteroid use. It was hypothesised that oral ertugliflozin, administered before and after intra-articular (IA) triamcinolone acetonide (TA), will significantly lower the insulin response in comparison to placebo. A randomised, blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover design was performed on eight adult standardbred geldings with no history of la...
The prevalence of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi carriers in the Netherlands. Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) carriers are thought to be important drivers for strangles outbreaks. Limited data are available on the prevalence of carriers in European horse husbandry settings. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of S. equi carriers among apparently healthy adult horses and ponies in the Netherlands. Methods: Cross-sectional survey. Methods: The carrier prevalence in the Netherlands was estimated, detecting carriers by PCR analysis of three repeated nasopharyngeal lavages at weekly intervals. Bayesian methods were used for a true prevalence estimation. Result...
Assessment of acute and chronic pain in working horses and donkeys in Egypt and the influence of observer training. Pain assessment can support monitoring welfare in working equids. Objective: To assess agreement of structured pain scores before and after training observers and to assess differences in pain scores between working equids with or without acute or chronic pain and to compare them to non-working equids. Methods: In part 1, eleven veterinarians and nine technicians performed pain scores before and after training. Agreement with reference scores was analyzed with Intra Class Correlation (ICC) analysis. In part 2, pain assessments were performed in 96 donkeys (n=40 fit-to-work, n=21 acute pain, n=...
Efficacy of an iron absorption test on assessing iron status in horses. Iron absorption tests (IATs) are used to evaluate iron absorption in humans. However, this testing has not been conducted in horses. Objective: The objective was to assess how a large dose of iron affects blood iron parameters during an IAT. Methods: Mixed-breed geldings (n=12) were offered 2% of their bodyweight (BW) in mixed-grass hay and an iron-free vitamin-mineral supplement. A baseline IAT (Baseline IAT) was performed, where horses received 25 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of BW of iron (ferrous sulfate) orally. Jugular venous samples were taken before the iron dose, and 3-, 6-, 12-, a...
Search for Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 in tissues of asymptomatic horses in southern brazil. Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) has been recently associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinomas in horses. Nevertheless, its circulation among healthy, asymptomatic horses remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the presence of EcPV-2 DNA in asymptomatic horses submitted to necropsy in southern Brazil. A total of 54 horses without clinical or histological evidence of genital lesions were investigated: 40 necropsied animals and penile mucosa specimens collected from 14 horses at a local abattoir. Tissue samples were subjected to histologica...
ATAC-seq and RNA-seq reveal key genes and pathways regulating lactation in the mammary gland of Yili horses. BACKGROUND: Mammary gland development and lactation are dynamic biological processes governed by coordinated changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression. RESULTS: We performed paired ATAC-seq and RNA-seq profiling to characterize stage-associated chromatin accessibility and transcriptional programs in the Yili horse mammary gland. Using a conservative overlap-based integration, we prioritized candidate genes showing concordant changes across both layers as hypothesis-generating signals for future functional studies. We sequenced mammary gland tissues from early lactation (S1) and pe...
