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Short-Term Daily Oral Administration of Cannabidiol Does Not Impact Rebound Tonometry Intraocular Pressure or Schirmer Tear Test Values in Healthy Adult Horses. To assess the effect of orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) on TonoVet measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test I (STT) in horses. Methods: Horse. Methods: This was a masked, randomized, balanced cross-over study of six healthy adult horses. Horses were randomly assigned and received 3 mg/kg CBD in sesame oil or volume matched placebo by mouth once daily for three days. Baseline and daily 4-, 12-, and 24-h post treatment IOPs were measured in triplicate without sedation or eyelid akinesia. Baseline and 24-h post final (day 3) treatment STTs were measured without sedation ...
Macroscale and microscale mechanical and biochemical properties of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon are regionally dependent. To examine regional mechanical and biochemical differences across the length of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Unassigned: Equine SDFTs were collected postmortem from 9 donors and divided into proximal, middle, and distal regions based on the location of the musculotendinous and osteotendinous junctions. Tensile testing was performed on samples to obtain macroscale mechanical properties, and atomic force microscopy was done to obtain microscale mechanical properties. Biochemical assays and histological staining were done to assess glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, and DN...
Proteomic signatures of equine dental tooth tissues in ageing and disease. Ageing and dental disease in horses lead to structural and functional deterioration of dental tissues, yet their molecular signatures remain poorly characterised. Understanding how these processes alter the protein composition of enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp is essential for improving equine oral health and identifying biomarkers of degeneration. Objective: To characterise the proteomic profiles of equine dental tissues and determine age- and disease-associated changes, with the aim of identifying proteins consistently altered across conditions. Methods: Ex vivo proteomic study. Methods: ...
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Seven Lipizzan Populations Based on Microsatellite Genotyping. Lipizzan horses, bred for over four centuries, represent a unique genetic, cultural and historic resource. This study assessed genetic diversity and population structure across seven European Lipizzan populations, with emphasis on the Bosnia and Herzegovina population. A total of 547 Lipizzan horses were genotyped using 12 microsatellite markers. The parameters of genetic variability, admixture level and migration rate were calculated. The mean number of alleles, effective number of alleles and Shannon's information index were 5.78, 3.24 and 1.31, respectively. The average fixation indices wer...
Clinical Outcomes Following Intra-Articular Administration of Autologous Muscle-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Horses with Chronic Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Open-Label Study. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are increasingly investigated as intra-articular therapies for equine osteoarthritis (OA), although most studies have focused on allogeneic or combination-based approaches. Evidence supporting the use of autologous MSCs as a stand-alone treatment remains limited. The present study evaluated the safety and clinical evolution following intra-articular administration of autologous muscle-derived MSCs (mdMSCs) in horses with naturally occurring chronic OA. Thirteen horses with confirmed clinical disease were included. Each affected joint received a single inje...
CXCL16-associated genetic susceptibility to equine viral arteritis in export-bound horses from Spain. Equine viral arteritis (EVA) remains a relevant health and economic concern due to the ability of some infected stallions to establish long-term persistent infection with equine arteritis virus (EAV). Allelic variation in the CXCL16 gene has been identified as a determinant of susceptibility or resistance to the carrier state, positioning genotyping as a useful tool for risk-based reproductive and health management. Objective: To characterise the distribution of CXCL16 genotypes in export-bound horses from Spain and to assess the utility of CXCL16 genotyping for EVA prevention and control. Met...
LC-HRMS detection of three ionizable lipids in equine plasma: surrogate markers for long-term LNP-mediated gene-doping surveillance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are essential delivery vehicles for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based therapies. However, their potential misuse as gene-doping agents in horse racing and equestrian sports necessitates robust analytical surveillance. This study presents a highly sensitive, Orbitrap technology-driven liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the simultaneous detection of three clinically relevant ionizable lipids: ALC-0315, SM-102, and DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3), which are critical components of approved RNA therapeutics and vaccines. Following a modi...
Eastern equine encephalitis-104 horses (1979-2017). Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a highly fatal neurologic disease of horses, but data describing clinical presentation, epidemiology, and prognostic factors are limited. Objective: Describe the clinicopathologic and epidemiologic features of horses with EEE and identify factors associated with survival. Methods: One hundred four horses diagnosed with EEE presented with signs of diffuse brain disease. Methods: Retrospective case series of horses evaluated at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (1979-2017). Medical records were reviewed for clinical findings, diagnostic results, and outcomes. Lo...
A Comparison of the Performance of Horses from the International WBFSH Rankings in Dressage, Jumping and Eventing Based on Their Sex, Age, Proportion of Thoroughbred Genes and Affiliation to the Studbook. The aim of the research was to assess how the selected factors could influence the performance of the best horses in dressage, jumping and eventing competitions. The research was based on the Studbook Rankings published by the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses from 2019 to 2024. Our analysis shows a statistically significant effect of each of the observed factors in at least one discipline. The leading factor in all disciplines was studbook affiliation. The Belgian warmblood, German Sport Horse, Hanoverian, Royal Dutch Sport Horse, Oldenburg and Westphalian studbooks are represented a...
Immunohistological characterization of equine synovial tissue in metacarpophalangeal joints of different ages and osteoarthritis status. Synovial macrophages' role in equine osteoarthritis (OA) is not well understood, despite horses being a model for human degenerative joint disorders. Equine synovial macrophages' characterization is limited and age-related changes are not described. This study aimed to evaluate surface marker distribution and expression from potential synovial tissue macrophages in foals, adult non-affected, and OA-affected horses. Unassigned: Surface markers (CD14, CD16, CD206) were quantitatively evaluated on dorsal villous synovial biopsies from the metacarpophalangeal joint of foals (F), non-affected (cont...
Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabidiol (CBD) in Connemara ponies following 21 days of treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained interest in equine medicine due to its potential therapeutic effects. Preclinical studies suggest that CBD may influence metabolic pathways relevant to metabolic syndrome, which present in both human and equine populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral CBD on metabolic parameters in Connemara ponies and to characterize its pharmacokinetics. Unassigned: A total of 13 Connemara ponies [seven with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)] were stratified by EMS status and age and randomly assigned to a CBD-treated group (2 mg/kg orally, twice dai...
Horse genetics, archaeology, and the beginning of riding. Recent papers argued that the domestication of horses can be equated with the appearance of favorable genetic mutations that are first evident in individuals in the DOM2 clade dated about ∼2200-2100 BCE. We challenge the idea that this genetic shift alone defines domestication. Evidence from archaeology, ancient DNA, osteology, and other disciplines shows that horses from multiple genetic backgrounds (DOM1, DOM2, and, as we suggest here, DOM3) were managed, milked, and ridden long before 2200 BCE. Yamnaya groups (∼3200-2600 BCE) rode DOM2 horses-the direct ancestors of modern domestic stoc...
Unraveling the genomic architecture of hock conformation defects in Pura Raza Española horses. Conformational traits define a horse's shape and morphology, heavily influencing its functionality, sport performance, health, and appearance, making conformation a critical selection criterion in horse breeding. However, the genomic basis of conformational defects, specifically those affecting the hock, remains largely unexplored. This research aimed to identify the genomic regions associated with hock defects using a large cohort of Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses. A total of 58,930 horses were evaluated for hock angle, with 4,122 genotyped on high or medium density arrays. For this purpose...
Immunization of Foals with Equine Rotavirus A Vaccine Can Stabilize or Increase Rotavirus-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Despite a monovalent G3P[12] ('G3') vaccine being available for horses, equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is still the predominant infectious pathogen causing diarrhea in foals in the United States of America (U.S.). Previous research has shown that maternal neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers are too high and will interfere with the vaccination of foals at 30 and 45 days of age. We aimed to determine if it is possible to increase NAb titers in foals through vaccination before they are vulnerable to ERVA infection. We immunized two foals with the commercially available vaccine (G3) at solely three mont...
Structural Features of the Equine Small Intestinal Mesenteric Attachment Predisposing to Rupture. Rupture of equine small intestine with formation of a pouch of ingesta within the mesentery has been reported in clinical colic cases. Multiple ex-vivo studies using anastomosed jejunum observed rupture into the mesentery, distant to the anastomosis. Both scenarios suggest the jejunum is predisposed to rupture at the mesenteric attachment. The aim of the study is to 1) document the location at which equine jejunal segments rupture when subjected to high intraluminal pressures, 2) identify predisposing anatomical features that may confer weakness at the point of rupture and 3) demonstrate jejun...
Size of the C7-T1 articular processes is overestimated on lateral radiographs when compared to standing cone beam computed tomography. Radiography of the caudal cervical vertebral column is commonly performed in horses, but image distortion may occur due to factors such as scapular superimposition, divergent beam, and the distance between anatomy and detector. These variables can falsely suggest enlargement of the articular processes (APs) at the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae (C7-T1). Objective: To assess the presence of magnification of C7-T1 APs as determined by AP:vertebral body (VB) height ratio on lateral radiographs compared to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a gold standard, and to explore inter...
Novel imaging protocol enables myelography of the cervical vertebral column using computed tomography with flexion and extension comparable to x-ray. Radiographic myelography is the traditional diagnostic method for detecting cervical spinal cord compression in horses but it is limited by superimposition and restriction to sagittal plane imaging. Computed tomography (CT) and CT myelography overcome many of these limitations yet previous CT protocols have not allowed dynamic imaging in flexion and extension comparable to radiographs. Objective: To describe and evaluate a novel CT myelography protocol that enables imaging of the equine cervical vertebral column (C to C/T) in flexion, neutral, and extension, and to compare intervertebral angle...
High frequency and high genetic diversity of Pneumocystis sp. in foals. Twenty-two foals, aged one to seven months, which died from interstitial pneumonia (15 foals) or unrelated illnesses and injuries (7 foals), were enrolled in this study. Sampling of the lungs was performed post-mortem for a total of 52 specimens. Pneumocystis was detected in 21/22 foals (48/52 specimens) using a PCR assay targeting the gene encoding the small subunit of the mitochondrial rRNA (mtSSUrRNA) of the horse-related Pneumocystis (Pneumocystis sp. 'Equus ferus caballus'). The sequencing of the PCR products was successful in 34/48 specimens. The sequences were identical to the horse-rel...
Clinical audit on antimicrobial stewardship effectiveness in reducing antimicrobial-resistant bacterial colonisation in hospitalised horses. International guidelines support the One Health approach and recommend antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in veterinary medicine. National data on antimicrobial-resistant bacterial colonisation rates (AMRb CR) in horses remain limited. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an ASP in reducing AMRb CR in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital using a clinical audit. Methods: Clinical audit. Methods: In Autumn 2021 active AMR surveillance in Perinatology/Reproduction and Internal Medicine Units planned; January-July 2022-first audit cycle (A1); Autumn 2022-review and implementation of anti...
Evaluating hormonal levels in plasma and saliva as temperament indicators in horses. Assessing the temperament of horses is important to ensure their welfare, management, and safety. This study evaluated the plasma-saliva relationships for cortisol, oxytocin, and serotonin, and explored their associations with temperament traits in 40 horses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Significant correlations were observed between cortisol (r = 0.441) and oxytocin (r = 0.587) concentrations, whereas serotonin showed a weak correlation (r = 0.133). Bland-Altman analysis revealed acceptable agreement for cortisol but substantial individual variability for oxytocin, despite its str...
Exposure in Horses to Human Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever Agent Borrelia persica, Israel, 2025. Human tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia persica is common in western Asia. A survey of 301 horses in Israel revealed 9.96% seropositivity toward B. persica antigens; 1 horse (0.33%) was also PCR positive for B. persica DNA. Phylogenetic analysis supported a transmission cycle involving ticks, humans, and horses.
From Concept to Perception: Equestrian Definitions of Harmony and Visual Attention in Horse-Rider Evaluation. In equestrian circles, horse-rider harmony is understood intuitively, yet clear criteria are lacking. This study examined how different equestrians conceptualized and visually assessed harmony and how this influenced scoring. Qualitative interviews were combined with eye tracking technology. Thirty equestrians assessed five videos of horse-rider combinations performing in dressage, showjumping, eventing, working equitation and Icelandic riding, with eye movements being recorded using a mounted eye tracker. Verbal definitions were analyzed using thematic analysis, revealing three overarching th...
A synergistic dual-endopeptidase platform for high-yield, homogeneous F(ab’)2 production from polyclonal equine immunoglobulins for therapeutic applications. Therapeutic F(ab') fragments derived from polyclonal equine antisera remain essential emergency biologics for addressing snake envenomation, tetanus, and viral infections. Traditional production methods rely on pepsin digestion, which is limited by non-specific proteolysis, harsh acidic conditions (pH 2.0-4.0), risk of contamination from animal sources, and significant batch variability, often complicating downstream preparative separations. In this study, we introduce a synergistic dual-endopeptidase platform that integrates hinge-specific biocatalysis with affinity chromatography to facilit...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in equine ageing: Current evidence and clinical implications for geroscience. Ageing is a complex biological process affecting a growing geriatric human and equine population worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered one of the hallmarks of ageing, representing a multifaceted process. This review synthesises current findings on mitochondrial dysfunction in aged equines, drawing parallels with human medicine and identifying current knowledge gaps. Integrating findings from human and equine research may bridge existing challenges and offer new opportunities, including the development of novel translational models for ageing research. Furthermore, it highlights th...
Owner-Reported Cohort Study of Causes, Management and Outcome of Traumatic Wounds in 219 Horses. Current evidence on traumatic equine wounds are predominantly from expert opinion reviews or referral hospital studies. This study aimed to describe the owner-reported causes, management and outcome of equine wounds. An owner-reported cohort approach was used. Owners of horses with recent traumatic wounds were recruited through snowball sampling. Data were collected from initial injury to final healing and outcome, including horse demographics, wound cause and location, owner- and veterinary-administered treatment, and outcome. Descriptive statistics included frequency percentages (%, x/y) and...
Short-term clinical responses in horses and ponies treated with canagliflozin: A clinical field study. Treatment with the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor canagliflozin in insulin dysregulated (ID) horses has shown promising results in randomised clinical trials. Larger field studies are needed to further evaluate treatment responses and potential adverse effects under real-world conditions. Objective: To assess the short-term effects of canagliflozin on postprandial glucose and insulin responses in client-owned horses and ponies with ID using a single-sample feed-challenge test (FCT), and to characterise treatment-associated changes in bodyweight, liver enzyme activities, and ...
Air pollution exposure during training impairs performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Ambient air pollution contributes substantially to human morbidity and mortality, and athletes are recognised as a particularly vulnerable group. However, little is known about the impact of air pollution on equine athletes. Objective: To explore the relationship between air pollution exposure during the pre-competition training period and race day performance among Thoroughbred racehorses that competed on California racetracks. Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study. Methods: For each winning horse, pollutant exposure during the 21-day pre-competition training period was assigned using d...
Vaginal host-microbe signatures linked to placental outcomes in mares. Ascending placentitis is a leading cause of late-term pregnancy loss in mares. Although pathogens are presumed to ascend from the caudal reproductive tract, the association between the vaginal microbiome and placentitis has not been systematically examined. Objective: To characterise microbial and host gene expression in the equine vagina during gestation and to identify taxa or transcripts that were associated with the presence of an abnormal placenta at birth. Methods: Prospective, paired observational study. Methods: Vaginal wall swabs were collected from 49 multiparous Thoroughbred mares a...
Comparison of equine PBMC isolation using two protocols: Impact on key cellular parameters. There are diverse uses for equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in research. Studies have shown that PBMC isolation protocols can affect immune parameters of diagnostic and research assays. We aimed to assess the impact of equine blood handling techniques on cell yield, viability, and proliferation under mitogen stimulation. Whole blood (WB) samples were collected from eight healthy adult horses into heparinized tubes for PBMC isolation by comparing method 1 (M1) where freshly collected WB was layered directly over a density gradient medium for centrifugation, followed by PBMC harv...
Delta (Δ) 12-lead electrocardiography and vectorcardiography to identify the origin of focally induced atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations in horses. Cardiac arrhythmias are common in horses, but their clinical and prognostic relevance remains poorly defined. Despite the importance of localization for diagnosis and treatment, noninvasive methods to identify arrhythmogenic foci are limited. Objective: Evaluate the ability of delta (Δ) 3- and 12-lead ECGs and 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) vectorcardiography (VCG) to identify the site of origin of focally induced atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations in horses. Methods: Eight healthy horses underwent 2 electrophysiological studies, 1 standing, and 1 under general anesth...
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