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Evidence That GYPA (Glycophorin A) Encodes the K Blood Group System in Horses. Although serological and genetic studies of equine blood group systems have been conducted for many years, the molecular basis of erythrocyte antigens' variability has remained largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the genetic basis of serological variation within equine blood group K. Using mRNA extracted from peripheral blood samples (n = 100) collected from horses with known serological blood types (Ka or K-), we performed a transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), which revealed a significantly associated region on equine chromosome 2 (ECA2). A detailed analysis ...
Postmortem characterization of cranial nuchal bursa and ligament in healthy horses reveals subclinical gross and histopathologic abnormalities. To investigate the presence of subclinical cranial nuchal bursitis and characterize its histopathologic features and association with Borrelia burgdorferi. Unassigned: This was a prospective descriptive cadaver study on a convenience population of horses in a B burgdorferi-endemic region (15 horses: 5 geldings and 10 mares of various breeds; 4 to 29 years old). Horses without history or clinical signs of cranial nuchal bursitis underwent euthanasia and tissue donation. Cranial nuchal bursa, synovial fluid, and nuchal ligament were collected postmortem. The bursa and ligament were evaluated via...
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Equine Temporomandibular Joint Osteoarthritis Using Machine Learning Integrating Computed Tomography Findings and Synovial Fluid Biomarkers. Horses presenting with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunctions are often clinically evaluated for TMJ osteoarthritis (OA). Due to the unique characteristic of TMJ-related pain, the clinical diagnosis of equine TMJ OA is challenging; however, it may be supported by computer-aided tools incorporating biomarker data. This study aims to evaluate a machine learning-based approach to address a binary classification distinguishing healthy TMJs from TMJ OA. Among 50 equine cadaver heads, 82 TMJs were included and annotated as healthy or OA based on histological and computed tomography (CT) findings...
Equine models in translational medicine: A comparative approach to human health. The horse is a distinctive translational model for bridging mechanistic discovery and clinically relevant investigation because of its physiological complexity, long lifespan, athletic phenotype, and broad spectrum of naturally occurring conditions that parallel aspects of human health and disease. Its utility extends from musculoskeletal and joint research to immunology, metabolic disorders, and exercise physiology, particularly where naturally developed disease, clinically applicable imaging, and longitudinal sampling are required. Additionally, it offers opportunities to examine both chroni...
Assessment of the Welfare of Working Horses: Combining Clinical Evaluations with Indirect Indicators. Assessing the welfare of the working horses is crucial for identifying health and management issues and implementing effective solutions. This study evaluated the welfare of working horses in South Darfur, Sudan, by integrating clinical examination with indirect indicators through owner interviews. A total of 400 horse-owner pairs were included. Most horses (61.7%) worked every day, and 77% of owners reported using whips to encourage movement. Clinical assessment revealed that 29.0% of horses were thin, over half had dirty coats, 50.5% harbored external parasites, 43% had abnormal discharges, ...
Comparative study of dental age estimation methods against known chronological age in Nigerian local horses. Dental age estimation in horses is very important in the context of quality healthcare, breeding programs, and welfare management. However, information on the most suitable dental age estimation methods for Nigerian local horses is not available in the literature. We evaluated and compared dental age estimates based on six dental age estimation methods with known chronological ages of Nigerian local horses to establish the most accurate techniques for this population. A cross-sectional study of 180 Nigerian local horses was conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria. Six dental age estimation methods (erupt...
Comparative Evaluation of Sperm Quality Assessment Methods in Purebred Spanish Horses. Evaluating semen quality in Purebred Spanish Horses is essential to determine reproductive potential and optimize assisted reproductive techniques. Objective: This study compared several sperm analysis methods in Purebred Spanish Horses to standardize protocols suitable for both laboratory and field conditions. Methods: Fifteen stallions were evaluated through three ejaculates, analyzing sperm parameters using different techniques. Sperm kinematics was assessed by Sperm Computer Analyzer (SCA-CASA) or iSperm mCASA. Viability was analyzed by eosin-nigrosin-Giemsa (ENG) staining or Hoechst 33258...
Is there a difference in pressures and forces under the roller with different pads when lunging horses with the Pessoa training aid? Elevated pressures beneath training rollers during the Pessoa training aid (PTA) use have been reported, particularly over the thoracic region, which may contribute to back discomfort. Objective: To investigate the effect of different pads on pressures and forces beneath a training roller during lunging with a PTA. Methods: Six clinically sound horses (13.8 ± 5.2 years) were lunged on a 16-m circle in trot and canter using a randomised crossover design under three conditions: no padding (Pad 1), a folded cotton saddle cloth (Pad 2), and a purpose-made roller foam pad (Pad 3). Kinetic data wer...
Clinical nutrition in equine colic: a scoping review from an equine nutritionist’s perspective. Colic represents one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in equine medicine, with nutritional management recognized as a key modifiable factor influencing postoperative recovery. However, guiding principles for nutritional enteral support in horses after colic remain limited, and current practices are largely empirical. Objective: This scoping review aimed to (1) examine enteral nutritional support protocols reported in literature through a scoping review to map the available evidence on equine clinical nutrition in the context of colic, and (2) propose a physiology-based interpre...
Effect of Acer species (red and Freeman maple) and horse characteristics, management, and location on the in vitro oxidation of equine erythrocytes. Red maple toxicosis arises when horses consume wilted maple leaves, resulting in methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia due to oxidative damage to erythrocytes. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine how maple species (red versus Freeman maple) and horse characteristics, management, and barn site contributed to in vitro methemoglobin production and hemolysis. Methods: Horse information was obtained through an owner questionnaire. Extracts from red and Freeman maple leaves were separately incubated with washed erythrocytes from each horse (n=120). The in vitro percentage methem...
Direct single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping from whole blood without DNA extraction. A subset of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with various phenotypes, including diseases, coat colour, and athletic performance, and are widely used in medical and veterinary fields. In this study, we developed a novel method for direct SNP genotyping from whole blood without DNA extraction. Thoroughbred blood samples were diluted 100-fold with Milli-Q water and analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hydrolysis probes. Specificity and sensitivity were improved by increasing the annealing temperature and number of PCR cycles. Genotyping results for SN...
Genetic background and phenotypic features of the endangered Miyako horse. The Miyako horse is one of the eight Japanese native horse breeds and is scarce in terms of population size. Japanese native horses are believed to be descended from Mongolian horses and represent a precious lineage that has preserved its traits for over a thousand years in Japan. Genetic analysis of the endangered Miyako horse is useful for preserving its original phenotypic traits. This study analysed the genetic variation in trait-related genes for coat colour (), body composition (), gait (), and temperament () in 46 extant Miyako horses. In addition, because numerous Miyako horses have ve...
Decoding moody mare syndrome: Retrospective study and tiered diagnostic framework. Behavioral issues, such as persistent or strong estrus, non-specific pain, and performance challenges in mares are frequently attributed to the estrous cycle. Objective: The objectives of this study were to analyze retrospective data on mares presented for estrus-related behavioral complaints, and to propose a structured diagnostic framework for categorizing cases during work-up at different levels of care. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using patient records of a total of 14993 mares. Results: In this data set, behavioral problems, pain, or poor performance were not repeatably v...
Changes in the Mare Oviduct Across Different Seasons Throughout the Year. At present, oviductal pathologies and their influence on mare fertility have not been clearly determined. Checking changes throughout the year in the oviductal structure may be relevant to understand the influence on the appearance of problems in oviductal functionality and, thus, the impact on fertility, which is the objective of this work. The oviducts of 56 mares were examined. Their anatomy, permeability, oviductal cellularity and the presence of pathologies were assessed to establish the correlations between the time of the year and each of these parameters. We cannot conclude whether the...
Trends in the prevalence of Gidoh at Japan Racing Association Training Centers in 2020. Pathological hoof-wall cavities unrelated to nailing (so called "Gidoh" in Japan) often occur in the feet of horses. In 2001, in facilities managed by the Japan Racing Association (JRA), Gidoh was found to occur most frequently in the toe of the fore-hoof, with no gender predilection, and was more prevalent in older horses. However, it remains unclear whether this trend has continued in recent years, which pathological type of Gidoh predominates, and whether there are differences in prevalence among seasons. Therefore, in spring (April) and autumn (October) of 2020, we surveyed all racehorses ...
Comparison of Ultrasonography, Contrast Radiographic Tenography, Cone-Beam Computed Tomographic Tenography, and Tenoscopy for Lesion Detection Within the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath of Horses-A Prospective Clinical Trial. Lesions of the tendons and manica flexoria (MF) within the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) are a common cause for lameness in horses. This prospective study compared and quantified the agreement and disagreement of positive contrast computed tomographic tenography (CTT), positive contrast radiographic tenography (RXT), ultrasonography (US) and tenoscopy for diagnosing naturally occurring lesions within the DFTS, without application of a gold standard. Lesions affecting the deep (DDFT) and/or superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT), and/or the MF and/or constriction of the palmar/plantar a...
Functional Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs Associated with Reproductive Fitness in Pura Raza Española Mares. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts constituted of more than 200 nucleotides that have been associated with the regulation of different biological processes by modulating the expression of key genes. In horses, evidence suggests that lncRNAs play a role in female reproductive fitness, yet their functional implications remain poorly characterized. The objective of this study was to investigate potential DNA:RNA triplex interactions between the promoter regions of fertility-related genes and lncRNAs transcribed from non-coding loci located within ±50 kb of these genes. By doing so, w...
Synergistic effects of Ferula asafoetida extract and condensed tannins from raisin pomace on in vitro cecal fermentation kinetics and nutrient digestibility in horses. The equine hindgut depends on microbial fermentation for efficient nutrient utilization but remains vulnerable to dysbiosis, hindgut acidosis, and suboptimal fiber digestion. Growing restrictions on antibiotic and synthetic feed additives have increased interest in natural phytogenic compounds. Medicinal plant extracts and condensed tannins are promising candidates to modulate microbial activity, improve fermentation efficiency, and enhance nutrient digestibility. This study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of hydroalcoholic extract of and condensed tannins extracted f...
Are antioxidants hindering stallion sperm capacitation? A perspective on hidden barriers to equine IVF success. Heavy use of antioxidants in equine in vitro fertilisation (IVF) media may suppress the reactive oxygen species (ROS) signals stallion sperm need for capacitation, which depends on high mitochondrial activity and a well-maintained endogenous redox homeostasis. A species-specific approach balancing oxidative protection with controlled ROS signalling could improve fertilisation efficiency and reduce prolonged incubation times.
Orthoflavivirus-associated neurological disease in a UK horse. Keesjan Cornelisse and Andra-Maria Ionescu discuss the clinical presentation, investigation and diagnostic approach to a case of orthoflavivirus infection in a horse in south-west England.
Omics integration reveals how the gut microbiota of Warmblood horses responds to equestrian show jumping-a short-duration, high-intensity technical exercise stress. Intestinal microbial homeostasis and metabolic balance play a crucial role in maintaining normal physiological function in horses. Exogenous stress involving abrupt turns and jumps during show jumping significantly impacts intestinal microbial homeostasis and metabolic balance in these animals. Results: By comparing rectal (faecal) samples from 10 Warmblood horses collected before and immediately after a show jumping competition on the same day, we observed substantial alterations in intestinal microbial homeostasis and metabolic balance post-exercise. Microbial evenness significantly increase...
Plasmidial virulence of Rhodococcus equi and its implications of livestock infections for human health: a possible foodborne pathogen? Rhodococcus equi, a versatile and adapted opportunistic in nature bacterium, infects animals and humans. This soil-borne microorganism widely occurs in farms. Its dissemination occurs by feces from domestic animals (particularly horses, cattle, and pigs). In the last decades, bacterial virulence has been strongly attributed to plasmid-encoded virulence-associated proteins (VAPs). To date, three virulence plasmid types have been recognized: pVAPA, pVAPB, and pVAPN, which are considered host- or livestock-adapted. The pVAPA type is related to equine isolates (horse-type), the pVAPB type is assoc...
Detection of exercising ectopic atrial and ventricular beats using non-linear analysis of clinically normal racehorse electrocardiograms at rest or low-intensity exercise. Cardiac arrhythmias are common in healthy athletic horses and may lead to poor athletic performance or exercise-associated sudden death. Early detection of high-risk horses is an important goal of cardiovascular diagnostics. We hypothesised that non-linear analysis of electrocardiogram disorderliness can be used to identify horses exhibiting intermittent ectopic atrial and ventricular heart rhythm abnormalities at exercise using brief, artifact-free recordings of normal sinus rhythm electrocardiograms collected at submaximal heart rates. In a convenience prospective cross-sectional study, ambu...
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Ancient Parasite Meets Modern Compounding. EPM remains particularly rampant in racing populations due to transport stress, young age, and congregate housing conditions. For compounding pharmacists, understanding that we're managing chronic parasite suppression - not achieving cure - fundamentally changes our approach to formulation strategy, stability assessment, and client counseling. The two formulations presented separately represent years of refinement, demonstrating compounding's essential role when commercial products fall short.
Decoding sebaceous gland functions and diseases: insights from domestic animals. Skin sebaceous glands (SGs) synthesize and secrete sebum, a mixture of lipids and cellular debris that defends the external body surface against physicochemical challenges. Recent data define the SG as a dynamic entity with potential functions beyond skin protection, including immunomodulatory actions and the regulation of energy metabolism. We postulate that the SG also has important, unrecognized roles in physiological and pathological processes in domestic animals. Conversely, data derived from domestic animals may have translational relevance for humans. This review article summarizes SG s...
Differences in Redox Biomarkers in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Leisure Horses With and Without Severe Equine Asthma: Preliminary Results. Equine asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation and oxidative imbalance, particularly in its severe form. The aim of this study was to evaluate pro-oxidative substances, oxidative products, and antioxidant defense biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from horses with and without a history of severe equine asthma (SEA). This prospective observational study included 21 leisure horses classified as SEA or non-SEA based on clinical history and BALF cytology. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for derivatives of reactive oxygen metaboli...
Do active stables affect the response to novelty and attitude towards humans in horses? A pilot study. The demand for horse housing that allows social contact, free movement, and continuous access to forage is increasing. Active stables, equipped with automatic feeders, aim to meet these needs by offering conditions closer to natural living. It is not known whether 'active stable' influences horse fear and human-oriented behaviour. This study compared the behaviour of horses housed in active stable (N = 24) and traditional stable (N = 22) to assess responses to novelty, sudden stimuli, and interactions with humans. We also examined the effects of breed type, age, and weekly riding workload....
Cardiac morphologic changes induced by a 10-week water treadmill training for show jumping horses: A preliminary evaluation. This study aimed to investigate cardiac adaptations and energy expenditure of jumping horses after water treadmill (WT) training. Six trained horses were evaluated before (PRETR) and after (TR) a WT training (20 min, twice/week, water at carpus height) for 10 weeks. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed at PRETR and TR with phased array transducer (1.9-4 MHz) to obtain interventricular septal thickness (IVS), LV internal diameter (LVID), and posterior wall thickness (LVPW) at end-diastole (d) and systole (s) and heart rate (HR). Left ventricule end diastolic volume (Vd) and end syst...
H3K4me3 CUT&Tag and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal the Epigenetic Regulatory Landscape in Mammary Gland Tissues of Yili Horses at Different Lactation Stages. H3K4me3, a well-established histone modification associated with active promoters, plays a critical role in orchestrating gene expression programs that govern mammary gland development and lactation. In this study, we present the first comprehensive epigenomic profiling of H3K4me3 modifications during mammary gland development in Yili horses using Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation (CUT&Tag) and RNA sequencing. Mammary gland tissues were collected from two developmental stages-early lactation and peak lactation. A total of 393 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified betw...
Topical treatment of equine aural plaques with nitric acid and zinc solution. Equine aural plaque caused by equine papilloma viruses is common worldwide and affected horses can show severe clinical signs. Due to its viral aetiology, in some countries affected horses are not allowed to compete. Since lesions persist, showing no spontaneous regression, effective and safe treatment is required. Currently, the only treatment with consistent efficacy is imiquimod. Treatment time is prolonged and adverse effects are common. In humans, papilloma warts are successfully and safely treated with topical nitric-zinc complex solutions inducing a painless caustic effect. Objective: T...
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