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Systemic, hemodynamic and neurological effects of caudal epidural administration of Neosaxitoxin in horses. The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and the long-lasting anesthetic properties of Neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX) when injected into the intercoccygeal space in standing horses. A group of eighteen (n = 18) healthy client-owned mature crossbreed horses were enrolled in this study. Caudal epidural injection was ascertained by two methods, the "hanging drop" technique and radiographs. Horses were allocated into three groups (n = 6) each group receiving different dosages of NeoSTX. To assess the onset of action and duration of anesthesia, six horses received 20 μg in 2 mL, six 20Â...
A survey of welfare problems associated with transporting horses by road in Germany (2022-2024). Equine road transport is stressful and associated with an increased risk of behavioral problems, injuries, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. This cross-sectional survey-based study aimed to describe transport-related practices and the perception of behavioral and health issues in Germany. The survey targeted horse owners (amateurs and professionals) and obtained demographic details, the participant's experience, frequency and duration of transportation, and behavioral and health problems related to equine transportation. Associations among behavioral and health problems and transport ...
A Literature Review on Equine Bedding: Impacts on Horse and Human Welfare, Health, and the Environment. Bedding is an important component of equine accommodation management. Choosing the right bedding is important for stable management and its selection may include considerations such as the sourcing of the material, the capital investment and ongoing costs, delivery, storage, installation, ongoing labour and maintenance, removal and disposal. Furthermore, it is crucial that the consequences for the health and welfare of horses and humans and the impact on the environment should also be considered. This review aimed to outline the advantages and disadvantages of different horse bedding types, fo...
Local investigation into the role of Culicoides species diversity (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in recurrent horse dermatitis cases in southwest France. Insect bite hypersensitivity in horses ("sweet itch") is a common pruritic, chronic, seasonal, and recurrent dermatitis affecting approximately 10% of horses in France and is a major concern for the horse industry and private owners. This dermatitis results from an allergic reaction to the saliva of specific biting flies (Diptera: Nematocera), primarily from the Culicoides genus. Given the frequent occurrence of this health problem and the limited investigation in France, we conducted a field survey in the vicinity of a riding stable in southwestern France with a reported chronic case of recur...
Three-dimensional tissue culture supports the structure and function of equine synovial explants over 4 days. To evaluate the feasibility of short-term 3-D tissue culture in maintaining the structure and function of equine synovial explants and demonstrate that day 4 explant characteristics were not significantly different from day 0. We hypothesized that a 4-day culture period in 3-D explant culture would not significantly disrupt synovial tissue health and function compared to baseline measurements. Unassigned: Synovial explants (n = 24/horse) from healthy carpal joints of 5 horses were cultured in 12-well plates using tissue-stabilizing agar rings. Explants were evaluated in triplicate or quadrupli...
High prevalence of Chorioptes bovis: an important factor in chronic progressive lymphedema in Belgian draft horses. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of chorioptic mange affecting the distal legs of horses in Belgium, focusing on the association between mange and chronic progressive lymphedema (CPL) in Belgian draft horses. Clinical examinations and skin scrapings were performed on the distal legs of 156 Belgian draft horses and 142 Belgian warmblood horses. In the Belgian draft horse breed, 144 (92.31%) horses were infested with Chorioptes bovis mites, and 126 (80.77%) displayed clinical signs of CPL. CPL prevalence in draft horses aged < 1 year was 17.86%, while mites we...
Metagenomic mining unveils a novel GH130 enzyme with exclusive xylanase activity over a wide temperature and pH ranges. The equine gut harbors a diverse microbial community and represents a rich source of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). To identify and characterize potentially novel CAZymes from a horse's hindgut metagenome, shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed on DNA extracted from a stool sample of a male horse, followed by CAZyme annotation. Here, we report on the characterization of a novel enzyme (AH2) that was identified, synthesized, cloned, and characterized from the obtained CAZyme dataset. AH2 was identified as a GH130 family member and displayed exclusive xylanase activity, a trait hit...
Exercise as a welfare strategy? Insights from horse (Equus caballus) owners in the UK. Obesity and its comorbidities (e.g. laminitis) are identified as major welfare issues among domestic equids in the United Kingdom (UK) and abroad. Weight-management typically focuses on restricting consumption (e.g. limiting pasture grazing), often facilitated through stabling. This leads to social isolation, prompting other welfare issues. Increased exercise may be a preferable solution for equine obesity, if viable. The aims of this study were to explore horse (Equus caballus) owner perceptions regarding the importance of exercise, and to investigate how exercise provision related to welfare...
How facial expressions reveal acute pain in domestic animals with facial pain scales as a diagnostic tool. The growing interest in managing and recognizing pain in animals has led to the search for more sensitive methods to evaluate it, especially because some species conceal any visible changes associated with pain or are not easily assessed. Research has shown that an animal's facial expression changes when exposed to painful stimuli. Thus, developing several pain scales (grimace scales) in species such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, donkeys, rabbits, rats, mice, and cats has helped to improve the study of pain in veterinary medicine. The possibility of using facial expression as an indicator of...
Casting techniques of equine hand and foot synovial cavities for the development of teaching models. Horse joints are common sites of injury, orthopedic issues, and surgical and clinical interventions. For this reason, a thorough understanding of joint anatomy, including the boundaries of their recesses and their relationships with other structures of the locomotor apparatus, is essential. This study aimed to develop cast anatomical models of the synovial structures of the equine hand and foot, compare different casting materials and visualization methods, and identify the most suitable technique for enhancing the understanding of equine limb arthrology. Additionally, an anatomical descriptio...
The effect of hippotherapy on people with multiple sclerosis, a systematic review. It is a fact that Multiple Sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease with severe symptoms that make everyday life of patients difficult as it progresses. There are several types of treatments aimed at limiting and delaying the onset of its symptoms. Hippotherapy being an innovative method of intervention, supported by several studies on its positive effects on various neurological disorders, is now under the microscope with the aim of testing its impact on the clinical picture and the functioning of people suffering from Multiple Sclerosis. Methods: For the needs of this systematic review, arti...
Synthesis and Characterization of 3-Hydroxybupivacaine and Deuterated 3-Hydroxybupivacaine for Use in Equine Medication Regulation. Bupivacaine is a local anesthetic widely used in equine and human medicine. Use of bupivacaine in performance horses is regulated because its ability to block pain means that it can be misused for advantage in performance horses. In racing regulation, bupivacaine is classified by the Association of Racing Commissioners International (ARCI) as a Class 2 Penalty Class A Foreign substance, the detection of which can lead to significant penalties. In horses, bupivacaine is metabolized by Phase-I hydroxylation to yield 3-hydroxybupivacaine, which is then glucuronidated to yield the Phase-II metabol...
Late gestation maternal overnutrition alters gene expression and histomorphology in neonatal foal testes. Reproductive health of male offspring following perturbations in maternal nutrition is not well-described in the horse; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of maternal overnutrition on neonatal foal testicular development. Sixteen Quarter Horse mares were used in a completely randomized design and stratified by expected foaling date, body weight, and body condition score into 1 of 2 dietary treatments beginning on gestational day 235: control (CON; n = 8) fed to meet nutrient requirements and overfed (HIGH; n = 8) fed 40% above CON. At 5 h postpartum, f...
Detection of mare parturition through balanced multi-scale feature fusion based on improved Libra RCNN. Once a mare experiences parturition abnormalities, the outcome between a live foal and a stillborn can change rapidly. Automated detection of mare parturition and timely human intervention is crucial to reducing risks during mare and foal parturition. This paper addresses the challenges of manual monitoring of parturition in large-scale equine facilities due to the unpredictability of mare parturition timing, proposing an algorithm for detecting mare parturition through a balanced multi-scale feature fusion based on an improved Libra RCNN. Initially, a ResNet101 backbone network incorporating ...
Comparison of immunogenicity of 17 Burkholderia mallei antigens and whole cell lysate using indirect ELISA. Glanders is a World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH)-notifiable equine disease caused by the infection of Burkholderia mallei, and is endemic in Mongolia, South Asia, Africa, and South America. While the complement fixation test (CFT) has been widely used for serodiagnosis of glanders and is considered a standard serological test, it has several limitations. These limitations include poor specificity, labor intensive techniques, variability in antigen and protocol. Consequently, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (iELISAs) based on recombinant proteins have been developed as alte...
Redox Biomarker Variations With Severity of Asthma in Horses Across Different Sample Types. The contribution of redox imbalance to equine asthma (EA) pathogenesis remains unclear. Objective: (1) validate and measure a panel of redox biomarkers in the tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from horses with neutrophilic and mastocytic mild-moderate EA (MEA) and severe EA. (2) Evaluate the same panel in saliva and serum for comparative purposes. Methods: A total of 117 horses: 37 healthy, 26 mastocytic MEA, 29 neutrophilic MEA, and 25 severe EA. Methods: Cross-sectional study using TW, BAL, and serum and saliva sampling. After assay validation, redox biomarkers-ferr...
A Generic Detection Method for the Doping Control Analysis of Fc-Fusion Proteins and Monoclonal Antibodies in Equine Plasma. An increasing number of novel Fc-fusion proteins and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are being developed as therapeutic agents for treating various diseases. Among these, there are inhibitors of the activin Type II receptor (ActRIIA and ActRIIB) signaling pathways and mAbs against nerve growth factor (NGF), which may be misused for performance enhancement in horseracing and equestrian sports. This study is aimed at developing a generic detection method for doping control analysis of nine targeted proteins, each containing the Fc domain of human IgG or IgG from other species in equine plasma, name...
Results of the “test-freeze” approach in a commercial program of stallion sperm cryopreservation and the relationship between pre-freeze sperm quality and “freezability.”. In the current study, we report the effect of different commercially available semen freezing extenders utilized for the "test-freeze" procedure for 13 years (2010-2023) as part of a commercial program of stallion sperm cryopreservation. Ejaculates obtained from sexually active and healthy stallions (n = 124) were cryopreserved using up to five commercially available semen freezing extenders (Lactose-EDTA [LE], MFR5, CryoMax LE [CMLE], CryoMax MFR5 [CMMFR5] or BotuCrio [BC]). Post-thaw sperm motility (total motility - TM [%]; progressive motility - PM [%]; and curvilinear velocity - VCL [μm...
Exploring the Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) for Children with ASD Across Countries: A Systematic Review. Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) has been widely adopted as an approach to enhance the well-being of children with ASD, who often experience significant social impairments, emotional dysregulation, and other daily challenges. Given the potential variation of HAI across countries, there is a particular need to explore this phenomenon within different cultural contexts and to illuminate directions for facilitating positive HAI among children with ASD. The purpose of this review is to systematically synthesize the current knowledge of HAI as applied to children with ASD and to discuss possible vari...
The Genomic Characterization of Equid Alphaherpesviruses: Structure, Function, and Genetic Similarity. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), EHV-4, EHV-8, and EHV-9, are classified within the subfamily and are recognized as causative agents of respiratory, urogenital, and neurological disorders in horses. These viruses, collectively referred to as αEHVs, exhibits both unique and shared characteristics in terms of host interaction, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and immune evasion, which arise from both the identities and discrepancies among respective genomic homologs. The genomic architecture of αEHVs is similar to other members of the same subfamily, such as well-known HSV-1, VZV, and PRV. However, r...
Minimising feeding behaviour interference: A hay-shaker device to assess dust exposure in horses. Organic dust from hay is a primary trigger of equine asthma. Objective: (1) To introduce a novel hay-shaker (HS) device for standardised hay dust generation, enabling simultaneous measurements of various particulate matter (PM) size fractions. (2) To compare these measurements with those in the horse's breathing zone (BZ) to assess the influence of environmental and individual factors. Methods: Comparative experimental study. Methods: A HS generating dust was developed. Total dust (PMT) and size fractions (PM1, PM2.5, PM4 and PM10, representing particle size in μm) were measured from 50 hay s...
Respiratory Rate Recovery After Submaximal Lunging Exercise Is Delayed in Asthmatic Horses with Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation. Equine asthma is a common cause of poor performance, but little is known about its impact on submaximal exercise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of equine asthma and potential confounding factors on recovery of respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) after a lunging exercise test. Thirty-seven horses completed a standardized 15 min lunging exercise including HR and RR recording pre- and up to 30 min post-exercise and venous blood lactate measurement. Endoscopy was performed and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology was used to categorize horses as controls or asthma...
Meta-analysis and systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors of animal fascioliasis in Eastern and Southern Africa between 2000 and 2023. Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease of public health and economic importance. It is caused by trematodes species Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantica. The parasites infest the liver particularly the bile ducts, and cause harm to the host. The economic loss to both dairy and meat industry is attributed to emaciation, reduction in milk production, death, infertility, and losses to liver condemnation. However, fascioliasis remains poorly studied and limited data is available to guide appropriate interventions especially in low- and middle-income countries. This paper aimed to review the preva...
Dietary supplementation of new-born foals with free nucleotides positively affects neonatal diarrhoea management. Foals commonly experience diarrhoea in the first weeks of life. Although this condition is rarely life-threatening, it can have significant health consequences. This study investigated whether new-born foals can benefit from a dietary supplement of nucleotides, as already demonstrated in other species. Dietary nucleotides have positive effects on rapidly proliferating tissues and are considered "semi-essential nutrients" since cells have only a limited capacity to synthesize these compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate whether providing foals with a dietary nucleotide supplementat...
Diagnosis and treatment of a congenital cervical tracheal diverticulum in an Arabian foal. Tracheal congenital defects are infrequent but serious findings in animals. Tracheal diverticula are congenital air-filled cystic lesions, a sub-type of paratracheal air cyst mainly found extra-thoracically in foals. We describe a case in a twelve-day old show Arabian colt with right sided unilateral cervical swelling since birth. Percutaneous ultrasound revealed a heterogeneously air- and fluid-filled spheroid mass, and upper airway endoscopy confirmed luminal communication to the trachea. Contrasted computed tomography showed a narrow isthmus originating between two proximal tracheal rings a...
Equine Distal Limb Wounds: Economic Impact and Short-Term Prognosis of Non-Synovial Versus Synovial Lesions in Southern Germany. Injuries to the distal limb are common in horses. The clinical aspect of the lesions is variable based on the structures that are involved. Synovial structures as well as tendons and/or ligaments may be involved in such injuries, affecting treatment modalities and costs, and prognosis. This retrospective study compares wounds involving synovial structures to wounds without such involvement in terms of treatment duration and costs, and prognosis. Synovial wounds were much more expensive to treat and carried a lower prognosis. Involvement of tendons and/or ligaments in the wounds resulted in mor...
Genetic Evaluation of Barrel Racing Performance in Quarter Horses. Barrel racing is a competitive timed rodeo event that challenges horses and riders to complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels in the fastest time possible. In this study, we aimed to estimate the genetic parameters of barrel racing time (BRT) and evaluate the most suitable statistical model for its analysis. We compared a repeatability model and three random regression models (RRM) to analyse the longitudinal BRT data in Brazilian Quarter Horses. A total of 356,877 BRT records from 14,108 horses that competed in various events held across Brazil between 2010 and 2024 were analysed. ...
Comparative evaluation of haemato-biochemical and oxidative stress markers in natural patent and latent infection of Theileria equi in horses. Relative association of haemato-biochemical findings with oxidative stress markers was evaluated between natural patent and latent infection of in horses to divulge the role of these parameters in the pathogenesis of illness due to non-availablity in literature. Blood samples were collected from 429 equines of 16 districts of the Punjab and samples positive by conventional microscopy (patent Group I; oll = 13), by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (latent group II;  = 38) and healthy control (group III,  = 64) were compared for haematological-biochemical index and stress parameters....
Effects of holding and the addition of naloxone on vitrification of equine immature oocytes. This study investigates the effects of overnight holding and naloxone (Nx) supplementation on the vitrification outcomes of equine immature oocytes. Oocytes were divided into six experimental groups based on treatment combinations: fresh (F) and held (H) control oocytes, oocytes vitrified with or without Nx (10Â M) (VIT and VIT-Nx), oocytes vitrified after overnight holding with or without Nx (10Â M) (H-VIT and H-VIT-Nx). They were assessed for survival, meiotic competence, intracellular oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity and distribution, apoptosis, and apoptotic gene expression. At sur...
Detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 in serum samples collected from infected horses. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1; Orthoherpesviridae, Varicellovirus equidalpha1) spreads by viremia to susceptible organs. Because EqAHV1 circulates in the bloodstream in a cell-associated manner, serum samples are not considered valuable for detecting EqAHV1 and have therefore not been tested by highly sensitive detection methods such as real-time PCR (rtPCR). We investigated whether EqAHV1 could be detected by this method in equine serum samples. We performed rtPCR on archived sera and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from 3 horses experimentally inoculated with EqAHV1. ...
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