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Bone mineral density and hydroxyapatite alignment in leg cortical bone influence on ultrasound velocity. Bone diagnosis using x-ray techniques, such as computed tomography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, can evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and microstructure but does not provide elastic properties. This study investigated the ultrasonic properties of racehorse leg cortical bone, focusing on the relationship between wave velocity, BMD, and hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallite alignment. The results showed a strong correlation between wave velocity and BMD, suggesting that quantitative ultrasound-obtained wave velocity is primarily influenced by BMD, followed by the HAp alignment direction.
Sustainable livestock management under anthropogenic pressure: Bridging traditional herding and contemporary conservation in Eurasia’s oldest protected area. In some regions of the world, long traditions of herding practices have coevolved with the natural ecosystems, sustaining livelihoods and biodiversity. However, in emerging economies, the populations that have long relied on livestock as their main income are now driving a dramatic increase in livestock numbers on the landscape. This study investigates the impacts of livestock (cattle and horses) and human activities on wild ungulates, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), wapiti (Cervus canadensis), and wild boar (Sus scrofa), in Bogd Khan Mountain, Mongolia. Protected since the 12th centur...
Risk Factors and Long-Term Outcomes in Horses After the 2021 Outbreak of Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy, Valencia, Spain. Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) is a persistent threat to horses, with unclear risk factors and disease severity. Objective: To evaluate risk factors, effective reproduction rate (Rt), and long-term athletic outcomes of an EHM outbreak. Methods: Retrospective study of the 2021 EHM outbreak in Valencia, Spain, examining associations between risk factors (sex, age, breed, country of origin, and vaccination status) and case fatality rate, EHM development, and odds of returning to competition using odds ratios [95% CI] and Rt via the Robert Kochs Institute method. Results: Among 191 h...
Equine in vitro fertilization with frozen-thawed semen is associated with shortened pre-incubation time and modified capacitation-related changes. We recently reported successful equine IVF using fresh semen pre-incubated for a prolonged period (22 h) before co-culture with oocytes. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of equine IVF with frozen-thawed sperm and evaluated capacitation-related changes in these sperm over the pre-incubation period. Sperm selected via a commercial sperm separation device (SSD) yielded significantly higher fertilization than did sperm selected by swim-up or by colloid centrifugation. Using the SSD method, fertilization rates with sperm pre-incubated for 15 min, 3 h, 6 h, and 9 h were 7.1, 22.2, 38...
Transvaginal Follicle Aspiration in Mares: A Description of Different Techniques and Comparison of Results Across Different OPU Clinics. This retrospective clinical study describes different techniques for transvaginal follicle aspiration in mares and compares results from 5 different commercial ovum pick-up (OPU) clinics in which the same operator aspirated mares using different systems and equipment: Clinic 1 (n = 42 mares, two-operator OPU technique, double-lumen-echogenic-tip needle, and manual syringe-assisted flushing of follicles), Clinic 2 (n = 28 mares, single-operator-OPU-technique, double-lumen-echogenic-tip needle, infusion pump controlled by foot-pedal for follicle flushing), Clinic 3 (n = 18 mares, sin...
Short communication: “Gene expression patterns of the four cardiac chambers in the Thoroughbred horse”. Athlete horses' contraction and conduction of the healthy heart influences racing performance. Gene expression patterns in the horse heart are not yet fully investigated. We aimed to evaluate the gene expression from the four chambers of the heart overall and with focus on genes involved in the electrophysiology of the heart in Thoroughbred racehorses with no clinical cardiac abnormalities. Tissue was collected from the left atrium (LA), right atrium (RA), left ventricle (LV), and right ventricle (RV). Total RNA was analysed by microarray technique. We compared gene expression in the heart cha...
Severity, distribution and postoperative therapy are not predictors of return to work in western performance horses with stifle chondromalacia. (1) To evaluate the ability of western performance horses diagnosed with chondromalacia to return to performance; Specifically, the relationship between the grade of chondromalacia and the horses' ability to resume work; (2) To determine the impact of postoperative therapy on clinical outcomes. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Horses (n = 34). Methods: Records of western performance horses with lameness localized to the stifle that underwent subsequent arthroscopy with chondromalacia as the most significant diagnosis were reviewed. Chondromalacia was surgeon-graded as slight, m...
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Exposure in Wild and Domestic Animals in Benin. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic viral disease prevalent in Africa. While infection is asymptomatic in animals, it can cause severe illness with hemorrhagic manifestations and high mortality rates in humans. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and potential risk factors of CCHF in wild (rodents, birds) and domestic (cattle, horses) animals in Benin. A cross-sectional study was carried out from 2022 to 2024 with the assistance of cattle breeders, hunters, farmers and bushmeat sellers in 15 districts found in three agroecological zones in the country. ...
Current understanding of insulin dysregulation and its relationship with carbohydrate and protein metabolism in horses. Insulin dysregulation (ID) is a common metabolic disorder in horses, characterized by hyperinsulinemia and/or peripheral insulin resistance. The critical role of hyperinsulinemia in endocrinopathic laminitis has driven research into the insulinotropic effects of dietary nutrients and the reciprocal impact of ID on nutrient metabolism. The relationship between ID and carbohydrate metabolism has been extensively studied; however, the effects of ID on protein metabolism in horses remain largely unexplored. This review begins with an overview of the importance of insulin in the regulation of muscl...
Intranasal Dental Repulsion of a Displaced Cheek Tooth in an Arabian Filly. This case report documents an unusual cheek tooth (CT) displacement in a 3-year-old Arabian filly. The horse was referred to the clinic for loss of appetite and right-sided facial deformity. At admission, an oral inspection was performed, followed by a dental radiographic examination. The radiographs showed a very oblique vertical angulation (135°) of the CT 106 compared to the other premolars (107 and 108 CTs) (40°). In consideration of the clinical and radiographic findings, surgical extraction of the 106 CT was indicated. Due to the unique positioning of the displaced tooth, traditional e...
Analysis of the Culturable Skin Microbiome of Horses from Southern Germany. Horses have close interactions with humans and are important as working animals and livestock. In contrast to smaller companion animals like cats and dogs, there is only little information available about their skin microbiome. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize the culturable cutaneous microbiome of healthy horses. Samples were taken from 14 horses from Southern Germany which were randomly enrolled in this study. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used as a method to detect the culturable microorganisms of ...
Regulatory Mechanisms of Yili Horses During an 80 km Race Based on Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses. Equine endurance exercise induces physiological changes that alter metabolism and molecular pathways to maintain balance after intense physical activity. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms remain under debate. Identifying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) associated with equine endurance is essential for elucidating these regulatory mechanisms. This study collected blood samples from six Yili horses before and after an 80 km race and conducted transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses, yielding 722 DEGs and 256 DMs. These DEGs were primarily enri...
Mycotic Sphenopalatine Sinusitis With Concurrent Compression of the Optic Nerves and Chiasm and Severe Visual Impairment in A Horse. A 15-year-old Swiss Warmblood gelding was presented to the ophthalmology service of Zurich University due to severe visual impairment. Ophthalmic and neurologic examinations were performed, raising suspicion of post-retinal blindness. Standing contrast computed tomography (CT) of the head revealed a partially calcified, soft tissue attenuating mass in the sphenopalatine sinus with concurrent compression of the optic nerves and chiasm. Differential diagnosis included neoplasia and granulomatous disease. The horse was euthanized, and the head was subsequently examined by magnetic resonance imagi...
The neurobiological basis of emotions and their connection to facial expressions in non-human mammals: insights in nonverbal communication. Recognizing that nonhuman animals are sentient beings has increased interest in studying their emotional state. Similar to humans, research has shown that some nonhuman mammals can modify facial expressions by contraction/relaxation of facial muscles according to their affective state. From a neurophysiological perspective, emotions are processed in several brain structures, mainly from the limbic system, such as the hypothalamus, hypophysis, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. The converged pathways between the amygdala, the motor cortex, and its projections to the facial nerve cont...
Standardized body condition scoring system for tropical farm animals (large ruminants, small ruminants, and equines). In tropical regions, subject to significant fluctuations in feedstuffs, the body condition score (BCS) is a relevant indicator for monitoring body reserves status of farm animals. However, the most used BCS grids comes from temperate conditions and still not adapted for tropical species, which limits adoption and usefulness. The current work presents for the first time an original, low-cost, standardized BCS assessment system, suited to a large spectrum of tropical farm animals (zebu and/or crossbred cattle, buffaloes, camel, sheep, goats, horses and donkeys). Based on a rigorous set of unifor...
Dobutamine improves haemodynamics and oxygen delivery in standing and isoflurane-anaesthetised horses. Dobutamine is a first-line therapy for hypotension in anaesthetised horses, but the effects on haemodynamic parameters in standing and anaesthetised horses are not well studied. Objective: To investigate the effects of dobutamine in escalating dosages on haemodynamic performance in awake and anaesthetised horses. Methods: Randomised cross-over experimental study. Methods: Six healthy adult horses were enrolled, including both standing and isoflurane-anaesthetised experiments with 1-week washout. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, and...
Different methods of perfusate administration do not have an effect on synovial concentrations of amikacin following intravenous regional limb perfusion. To determine if different methods of perfusate instillation influence synovial amikacin concentrations in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Unassigned: 6 healthy horses received an IVRLP using 2 different methods: (1) 2 g amikacin followed by 52 mL 0.9% NaCl (60 mL total; perfusate-A) and (2) 2 g amikacin diluted to 60 mL with 0.9% NaCl (perfusate-D). For both methods, the perfusion was administered over 5 minutes. Joint fluid from the RCJ was sampled at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after instillation of the perfusate. Systemic concentrations of amikacin w...
Longitudinal Changes in Fecal Microbiota During Hospitalization in Horses With Different Types of Colic. Research on fecal microbiota changes during hospitalization of horses with colic is emerging. Objective: Describe changes of the fecal microbiota during hospitalization of horses with colic caused by inflammatory (INFL), simple (SIMPLE), and strangulated (STR) obstructions, and investigate associations with survival. Methods: Twenty-three horses with colic: 9 in INFL, 5 in STR, and 9 in SIMPLE groups. Seventeen horses survived, and 6 were euthanized. Methods: Prospective observational study. Fecal samples were collected on admission (D1), on days 3 (D3) and 5 (D5). Bacterial taxonomy profiling...
Phenotypical and molecular characterization of Rhodococcus equi isolated from foals in the Agreste region of Pernambuco – Brazil. Equine rhodococcosis is caused by Rhodococcus equi, an intracellular coccobacillus whose main virulence factor is a plasmid that harbors genes encoding proteins from the Vap family, with the vapA gene being the most important in equine isolates. Furthermore, other factors observed in R. equi strains, such as antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production, may represent significant challenges in the treatment of affected animals. The objective of this study was to characterize four isolates of R. equi from foals in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. All isolates were identified as R. equi throug...
Return of spontaneous circulation after cardiopulmonary arrest in an adult horse recovering from anaesthesia. This report describes successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a healthy, 525 kg, 8 years 9 months-old Quarter horse gelding. After successful pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery to excise a metatarsal bone under general anaesthesia, with the horse in left lateral recumbency, the horse was hoisted into recovery. After the horse was positioned in recovery, a routine cardiac check by thoracic auscultation was performed. Cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) was identified by absence of cardiac sounds and pulse, as evaluated by digital palpation of the facial artery, absence of the right palpebral reflex, ...
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Profiling in Horses Before and After Exercise. The impact of exercise on the classical and alternative renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) pathways has not been studied in horses. Objective: We hypothesized that exercise would activate both RAAS pathways and that endurance exercise would cause more activation of the classical pathway compared to short-duration, high-intensity exercise in horses. Methods: Twenty-five horses (21 client-owned and 4 research) were included in 4 exercise groups (10 Arabians, 50-mile ride [A-E]; 4 thoroughbreds, 1-mile treadmill exercise [TB-TM]; 5 thoroughbreds, 1-1/16th-mile race [TB-R]; and 6 quarter ...
Evaluation of an Automated Fluorescence Enzyme Immunoassay for Quantification of Equine Insulin and Comparison to Five Other Immunoassays. Hyperinsulinemia is an important and treatable risk factor for laminitis in horses. Objective: Evaluate the Tosoh AIA-360 automated fluorescence enzyme immunoassay for the measurement of serum insulin concentrations in horses, and compare it to five other immunoassays for insulin quantification. Methods: One hundred serum samples from 83 horses were submitted for insulin measurement. Methods: The Tosoh AIA-360 was assessed against a reference assay (radioactive immunoassay; RIA). Using the same samples, TOS-FEIA, ELISA, and three chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIA) were assessed for correlati...
Gut Microbiota of Ruminants and Monogastric Livestock: An Overview. The diversity and composition of the gut microbiota are widely recognized as fundamental factors influencing the well-being and productivity of domestic animals. Advancements in sequencing technologies have revolutionized studies in this research field, allowing for deeper insights into the composition and functionality of microbiota in livestock. Ruminants and monogastric animals exhibit distinct digestive systems and microbiota characteristics: ruminants rely on fermentation, while monogastrics use enzymatic digestion, and monogastric animals have simpler stomach structures, except for horse...
Acute whole-body vibration as a recovery strategy did not alter the content of gluteus medius monocarboxylate-transporters, lactatemia, and acidosis induced by intense exercise in horses. Several studies have explored alternatives to enhance the performance, health, and safety of sports horses. One promising method involves the use of vibrating platforms (VP), which offer passive exercise stimulation via mechanical oscillations distributed throughout the body. This type of exercise is referred to as whole-body vibration (WBV) and is an emerging strategy for accelerating muscle recovery. This study examined the dynamics of proteins responsible for transporting monocarboxylates (MCT1 and MCT4), and their relationship with lactatemia and acid-base balance in connection with WBV re...
First Molecular Characterization of Theileria equi from Northeastern Algeria. Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is a tick-borne disease that affects equids and is caused by the parasites Theileria equi, Theileria haneyi and Babesia caballi. This disease leads to significant economic losses for the global equine industry. The current study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Piroplasmida infections in equines from El Tarf, located in northeastern Algeria, and investigate the phylogenetic diversity within isolates obtained from infected equines in this study and between those from previous studies. Methods: A total of 120 blood samples were collected from equines in three municip...
The Effect of Season and Breed on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hormones, Metabolic Hormones, and Oxidative Markers in Ponies and Horses. Endocrine function in ponies differs from horses, with seasonally increased concentrations of plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and an increased risk of insulin dysregulation. Objective: (1) Season and breed differences exist in concentrations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and metabolic hormones; and (2) systemic oxidative status is significantly different between ponies and horses and correlates with endocrine hormones. Methods: Thirty-four healthy Welsh ponies and 14 healthy Quarter horses. Methods: Blood was collected from Welsh ponies and Quarter horses in the same region ...
Potential Genetic Markers Associated with Environmental Adaptability in Herbivorous Livestock. Herbivorous livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and donkeys, play a crucial role in agricultural production and possess remarkable resilience to extreme environmental conditions, driven by complex genetic mechanisms. Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing, genome assembly, and environmental data integration have enabled a deeper understanding of the genetic basis of their environmental adaptation. This review identifies key genes associated with high-altitude, heat, cold, and drought adaptation, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these traits. B...
Ultraviolet C (UV-C) Light Therapy for Equine Ulcerative Keratomycosis-An In Vitro Study. To assess if an affordable, commercially available 275 nm ultraviolet C (UV-C) device can inhibit fungal pathogens associated with equine keratomycosis and to establish the optimal exposure time/dose required in vitro. Methods: Fungal inhibition zone surface areas of isolates from two fungal genera (Aspergillus and Fusarium spp.) were compared in triplicates after UV-C exposure at distances of 10, 15, and 20 mm with single or repeat doses (4 h apart) of 5, 10, 15, or 30 s duration after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. Inhibition zones were microscopically assessed, and regrowth chec...
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