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Spatial Modeling of Equine Herpesviruses 1 (EHVs-1) Risks in Kazakhstan Using 2017-2024 Surveillance Data. Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is one of the most dangerous viral diseases affecting ungulates, and is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations in horses, including rhinopneumonia, abortion, neonatal death, and myeloencephalopathy. It is well known for causing mass abortions in mares and respiratory diseases in young animals. Once introduced into a horse breeding farm of any type, EHV-1 tends to establish as a persistent infection. The disease is reported on nearly all continents and causes substantial annual economic losses to horse breeding operations. In Kazakhstan, 34 EHV-1 o...
Prevalence of African Horse Sickness Virus Antibodies in Horses and Selected Wildlife in Four Geographical Regions of Nigeria. African horse sickness (AHS) is a severe, infectious arthropod-borne disease of equids caused by the AHS virus (AHSV). It is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, and several sporadic outbreaks of the disease have been reported in Nigeria in the past 5 decades. Following a recent outbreak of the disease in Lagos State, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of (AHSV) antibodies in apparently healthy horses and some selected wildlife sampled in four geographical regions of Nigeria. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 575 serum samples collected from horses in five ...
Anti-IL-5 Vaccination Dampens Allergen-Specific IgE Levels and Modulates IL-4 and IL-5 Th2 Cytokines in Skin Allergy of Mice and Horses. Skin allergies are among the most frequent types of allergies, where continuous investigation of the pathological immune mechanisms is required for a better understanding and a more effective treatment of the disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of interleukin (IL)-5 vaccination on allergen-specific IgE antibodies as well as T cell cytokine modulation in skin allergy using a mouse model and a naturally occurring disease in horses. Methods: Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice, as well as horses affected by equine insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) were administered an anti-IL-...
A longitudinal study of radiodensity and radiographic appearance of the proximal sesamoid bones in Thoroughbred racehorses. There are limited data on long-term follow-up of radiographic changes of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) in Thoroughbred racehorses. The effect of training and racing on radiodensity of the PSBs in live Thoroughbreds has not been described. Objective: To follow radiographic changes of the PSBs in racehorses over 2 years and describe alterations in overall radiodensity. Methods: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Forty yearlings were enrolled at the first examination (T0). Re-examinations were performed four times, approximately 6 months apart, on 31 (T1), 23 (T2), 13 (T3) and 8 (T4) horse...
Retrospective Evaluation of Dystocia in Miniature Equids: 78 Cases (2002-2023). To describe patient characteristics, laboratory data, fetal orientation, methods of correction, survival, and treatment in miniature equids with dystocia. Methods: Retrospective study conducted from January 2002 to June 2023. Methods: Equine referral hospital and field service. Methods: Seventy animals with a total of 78 instances of dystocia. Methods: None. Results: Recorded variables included signalment, clinicopathologic data, fetal presentation, correction method, survival to discharge, and complications. The survival of miniature equid mares was 94% (73/78), while survival of foals was 17...
Postmortem diagnosis of venous air embolism in a Wielkopolski horse. Nine days after a surgical intervention due to an injury of the left hind hoof capsule, a 9-y-old, 538-kg female Wielkopolski horse was found recumbent in its stall with an unplugged permanent intravenous catheter positioned in the left jugular vein. Despite immediate resuscitation attempts, the animal died within minutes. Suspecting venous air embolism, radiographic imaging and detailed postmortem examinations were performed. However, visualization of the heart by radiography was hindered by the animal's body mass and postmortem changes. The autopsy followed a modified Richter method, origina...
Monte Carlo evaluation of occupational exposures in equine radiology procedures. Portable X-ray equipments are commonly used in diagnostic radiology of equine patients. Despite its benefits, the exposure to ionizing radiation can pose a health risk to workers as physical restraint of patients is typically required. In this context, the aim of this study was to apply Monte Carlo simulation to investigate occupational exposure in the diagnosis of horses. The simulations were carried out by the Monte Carlo N-Particle 6.2 (MCNP6.2) code. The workers were represented by a FASH3 (female) and MASH3 (male) virtual anthropomorphic phantoms. To simulate the horse, a realistic virtua...
Decoding the amniotic membrane transcriptome during equine ascending placentitis. Despite its critical role in protecting the fetus, the amniotic membrane remains poorly understood in the context of disease response. The equine amniotic membrane is an important physical barrier to the amniotic compartment, and there is evidence that it may contribute to surfactant synthesis. Surfactants are essential for normal fetal lung development, and disruptions in its availability may be linked to future neonatal complications. Therefore, understanding the molecular changes that occur in fetal-maternal tissues during placentitis would clarify how this condition leads to abortion, pret...
Differential Metabolomics and Cardiac Function in Trained vs. Untrained Yili Performance Horses. This study aimed to investigate the effects of training on cardiac structure and function, as well as plasma metabolite profiles in horses, in order to uncover the molecular regulatory mechanisms and cardiac remodeling under long-term exercise. We hypothesize that long-term standardized training induces physiological cardiac remodeling and differential metabolomic changes in Yili horses, which correlate with improved athletic performance. The study focuses on physiological exercise-induced cardiac remodeling, characterized by increased left ventricular wall thickness and chamber size. A total ...
Exploring Monthly Variation of Gait Asymmetry During In-Hand Trot in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Race Training. Based on fundamental mechanics, movement and force associate head and pelvic movement asymmetry with asymmetry of force production. We investigate, how often racehorses undergoing strenuous training regimens show evidence of switching between "preferred" limbs, i.e. one limb producing increased force, when assessed at monthly intervals? We hypothesize that clinical asymmetry thresholds designed for "detecting lameness" are frequently exceeded and that when applying previously established Thoroughbred-specific repeatability values, horses rarely switch between showing left- and right-sided asym...
Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is a common, slowly progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of the older horse. Oxidative damage to the hypothalamic periventricular neurons results in loss of dopaminergic inhibition of the pars intermedia region of the pituitary gland. Consequently, there is increased production of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived hormones normally produced by this region, as well as initial melanocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, followed by adenomatous change. Clinical signs that are highly suggestive of the disease are generalised and regional hypertrich...
Seroprevalence of segmented flavi-like Alongshan virus in horses. The emergence of new pathogens poses a significant threat to global health, exacerbated by climate change, biodiversity loss, and increased globalization. Ticks, as vectors for various pathogens, contribute to the rising incidence of diseases. Surveillance programs are crucial for identifying and controlling emerging pathogens. This study focuses on the Alongshan virus (ALSV), a segmented flavi-like virus first identified in humans in China in 2017. Despite its ability to infect a wide range of mammals, the natural hosts and transmission pathways of ALSV remain poorly understood. Therefore, we...
Imaging Findings of Congenital Distal Interphalangeal Joint Dysplasia in a 3-Month-Old Friesian Foal. A 3-month-old Friesian colt presented with severe, progressive distal limb lameness in two limbs. Radiographic and postmortem full-body CT imaging revealed severe articular deforming osteolysis and osteoproliferation at the dorsodistal navicular bone margin and the adjacent distal phalanx proximo-palmar/proximo-plantar margin in two limbs, with the remainder of the distal interphalangeal joint being unaffected. Multiple other joints showed small osteolytic subchondral defects. Postmortem histopathological examination confirmed focal joint disease of both distal interphalangeal joints, without ...
Pilot Study: Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Indices in Mules Evaluated by 24-Hour Electrocardiogram. Mules and donkeys are the 5th largest equine population in the U.S., yet basic information such as heart rate and arrhythmia prevalence in mules has not been described. Analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) provides valuable insight into physiologic and autonomic differences between mules, horses, and donkeys. We aimed to pilot the evaluation of heart rate and variability in a healthy population of mules using a 24 h electrocardiogram. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (aECG) recordings were collected from an athletic population of seven privately owned healthy mules in Northern...
Does Muscle Development of Sport Horses Using Water Treadmill Exercise as Part of a Long-Term Training Programme Differ from That of Horses Not Using Water Treadmill Exercise? Water treadmill (WT) exercise has become a popular tool for equine training and rehabilitation. However, few studies describe the long-term effects of WT exercise in low water on muscle development (MD). This study's objectives were to compare MD changes over a 40-week period in sport horses that regularly used WT in low water within training (Group WTH, = 55) and a control group that did not (control, = 28). Subjective MD assessments were undertaken using an adaptation of a previously published method at weeks 0, 20 and 40. For Group WTH, MD significantly increased in the neck, pelvis and h...
Population Structure and Genetic Diversity Among Shagya Arabian Horse Genealogical Lineages in Bulgaria Based on Microsatellite Genotyping. The Shagya Arabian horse breed was created to address the need of Imperial Hussars (Hungarian light horsemen) for a horse with the intelligence, essential characteristics, and endurance of the Arabian breed, but also of a bigger size and having a better weight-carrying capacity and jumping ability. The present study aimed to explore the genetic variability and population structure of the uninvestigated Shagya Arabian horse population in Bulgaria based on genotyping at 15 equine microsatellite markers. A total of 140 horses belonging to six genealogical lines (Dahoman, Gazal, Ibrahim, Kuhailan ...
Developing a greenhouse gas emission model for sport horses: case studies in dressage and jumping. Sustainability is gaining growing attention within the equine sector. Sustainability consists of various subjects including feed and nutrition, resource efficiency, animal welfare, carbon footprint (CFP) and biodiversity, for example. Studies in horse research focus mainly on behaviour and welfare. Little information is available about the environmental impact of equids. The few studies that can be found are principally concerned with local impact, such as nitrogen leaching or ammonia concentrations in bedding. Little is known about greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) for horses, although GHG emiss...
Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Elucidate Neurophysiological Mechanism of Action of Equine-Assisted Services: Proof-of-Concept Study. Equine-assisted services (EAS) are used for civilian and military trauma survivors to reduce depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms. While early scientific evidence supports the benefits of EAS, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying these benefits are unknown. The specific aims of this exploratory study were to determine (1) whether functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging can be used to explore neural responses of EAS veteran participants and (2) the correlation between neural responses and psychological outcomes of the participants interacting with equines. Fif...
Influence of a Standardized Lunging Exercise Test on BALF Cytology in Horses Suffering from Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma. Mild-moderate equine asthma (MEA) is a very common but underdiagnosed pulmonary disease in horses, with mild cases not showing clinical respiratory signs. This study evaluates the influence of a standardized lunging exercise test (SLET) on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology in MEA horses. We hypothesized that SLET would increase the total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and/or percentages of inflammatory cells associated with EA. In a prospective, randomized, non-blinded, between-subjects study design of two independent groups, 39 horses (17 mild and 22 moderate) were included. They were...
V4020 Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Vaccine: Mitigating Neuroinvasion and Reversion Through Rational Design. There is a need for safe and effective vaccines against the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that infects both humans and equines. However, development of a live-attenuated vaccine using the TC-83 strain has been hampered by substantial reactogenicity and the potential for neuroinvasion. In this study, we demonstrate that V4020, a new TC-83-based investigational VEEV vaccine with redundant safety features preventing neuroinvasion and reversion, exhibited no neuroinvasion potential in a murine model. Following subcutaneous or intramuscular administration, a subset of mice that received the ...
Comparative Study of Reprogramming Efficiency and Regulatory Mechanisms of Placental- and Fibroblast-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) in Mules. As an interspecies hybrid inheriting genetic material from horse and donkey lineages, mules provide a unique model for studying allele-specific regulatory dynamics. Here, we isolated adult fibroblasts (AFs) and placental fibroblasts (PFs) from mule tissues and reprogrammed them into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Intriguingly, placental fibroblast-derived iPSCs (mpiPSCs) exhibited reduced reprogramming efficiency compared to adult fibroblast-derived iPSCs (maiPSCs). Through allele-specific expression (ASE) analysis, we systematically dissected transcriptional biases in parental cell t...
RNA-seq analysis identifies key genes enhancing hoof strength to withstand barefoot racing in Standardbred trotters. Racing without protective shoes is common in the Swedish harness racing industry, as it can enhance horses' performance on the track. Trainers typically decide whether a horse will race barefoot based on practical experience rather than objective measures. However, this practice can sometimes lead to excessive hoof wear, posing potential welfare concerns for racing horses. Gene expression differences may help reveal the underlying genetic mechanisms associated with different phenotypic traits. To explore an objective measure for assessing which horses are best suited for barefoot racing, we co...
Cytoplasmic and nuclear Survivin expression in healthy gastric mucosae of equids: A comparative study between horses, donkeys, and mules. Information regarding Survivin protein expression in the gastric mucosa of equids is scarce. This protein has been associated with functions related to modulating apoptosis and promoting mitosis in epithelial cells and is considered part of gastric cytoprotection mechanisms in humans and mice, maintaining mucosal integrity and regulating cellular renewal. Objective: This study aimed to determine the expression of cytoplasmic and nuclear Survivin in gastric mucosae of equids (horses, donkeys, and mules). Methods: A total of 30 healthy stomachs, 10 from each species, were evaluated using histolo...
Cost of referral treatment for colic in the United Kingdom-What has changed in the last 5 years? Referral treatment costs and insurance status impact treatment decisions for colic. Objective: To evaluate changes in the cost of referral treatment for colic, and insurance cover and premiums in the United Kingdom between 2018 and 2023. Methods: Cross sectional study. Methods: Thirty UK equine referral hospitals were contacted in January 2024 and asked about their colic caseload and costs of the last three cases across six categories (surgical +/- resection, euthanasia before, during or after surgery, and medical treatment), using similar methodology to a 2018 study. Data are reported as mean...
Hemoperfusion with a polymer-based column alters inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-treated horses in vivo. To determine the effect of hemoperfusion with a polymer-based column on systemic cytokine concentrations and neutrophil dysfunction in lipopolysaccharide-treated horses in vivo. Unassigned: 6 university-owned horses received 60 ng/kg lipopolysaccharide, IV, as a bolus and then 60 ng/kg, IV, as a constant rate infusion over 1 hour. Endotoxemia was confirmed by clinical signs and neutropenia. In a crossover model that was completed from January 2024 through July 2024, hemoperfusion was performed for 4 hours with either a sham or polymer column. Blood was collected at 5 time points over a 72-hour...
Correction: Association between radiographic equine distal phalanx characteristics and absence, presence and type of horseshoes. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1598038.].
Investigations on metabolic diseases of horses in Egypt. Obesity is a significant risk factor that predisposes horses to laminitis, equine metabolic syndrome, arthritis, heart disease, and respiratory issues. Unassigned: Mares showing overweight or laminitis ( = 30), different BCS ( = 90) weighing 350-550 Kg were subjected to clinical and rump fat assessments. Blood samples were collected to measure circulating estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and leptin. Additionally, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, nitric oxide (NO), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione redu...
Road transportation is associated with decreased intestinal motility in horses. Transportation of horses has been associated with colic and changes to the gastrointestinal microbiome. Percutaneous abdominal ultrasonography using wireless, point-of-care transducers can be used to assess gastrointestinal motility in field settings. Unassigned: Characterization of intestinal motility and salivary cortisol responses of horses completing commercial transportation of 10-12h. Unassigned: Prospective observational study of 30 horses with diverse signalment and transport histories. Clinical parameters, sonographic assessment of intestinal motility and saliva samples, were collecte...
The impact of transdermal application site on pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of buprenorphine in horses. To assess absorption after transdermal application of buprenorphine to different sites and assess behavioral, antinociceptive and adverse effects. It was hypothesized that the dose and site of transdermal buprenorphine administration would influence absorption, plasma drug concentrations, physiological, antinociceptive and behavioral effects in horses. Methods: Two-part study; prospective randomized balanced three-way crossover (study 1) and single-dose (study 2) experimental study. Methods: Six (study 1) and eight (study 2) horses, aged 3-14 years. Methods: In study 1, horses were administere...
First night effect alters occipital brain connectivity in horses. The First Night Effect is a phenomenon whereby sleep duration and quality are compromised in unfamiliar environments or situations. Horses are often transported to new locations, such as sporting events. We wanted to know if the First Night Effect is also detectable in horses in two different populations. To investigate this, we compared five horses from a professional sports horse barn that are regularly used in competitions, with six horses from a breeding barn, that are less frequently transferred to unfamiliar places. Despite the significant differences observed in electroencephalography (...
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