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Topic:In Vivo
In vivo studies involving horses refer to research conducted within living organisms to understand various biological processes, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions in equine species. These studies provide insights into the physiological and pathological responses of horses under natural conditions. In vivo research encompasses a range of investigations, including pharmacokinetics, disease modeling, and the evaluation of treatment efficacy. It often involves the use of controlled environments to simulate real-life scenarios while observing the effects of specific variables on equine health. This page gathers peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the methodologies, findings, and implications of in vivo research in horses, contributing to the advancement of equine science and veterinary medicine.
Assessing the Sperm Head DNA Damage in Frozen/Thawed Horse Spermatozoa via Xenogeneic ICSI. In the mouse, spermatozoa are highly resistant to DNA damage, even when frozen without cryoprotectants, and can produce offspring when subsequently used for ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). It is not known whether the same applies to other mammals as well. For example, in the horse, even conventional sperm freezing is still very problematic and frequently leads to sperm immobility. It has, however, never been tested whether sperm immobility also mirrors sperm head DNA damage, and if so, to what extent. In our study, we evaluated the damage to DNA in horse frozen and thawed motile and i...
Anti-Theileria equi activity of methanolic extract of Artemisia scoparia: In vitro efficacy, in vivo safety, and identification of lead molecules. Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that affects horses and is caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. Currently, imidocarb dipropionate is the primary treatment for T. equi infections; however, its application is limited by its potential systemic toxicity. Artemisia annua is widely recognised for its antimalarial properties, whereas Artemisia scoparia has traditionally been used for various medicinal purposes. However, the therapeutic potential of A. scoparia against theileriosis in animals remains largely unknown. Activity-guided fractionation of a methanolic extract of A. sco...
Myo-Inositol Nano-Emulsion for Enhancing Stallion Chilled Semen: Insights from In Vivo and In Silico Analyses of Sperm Quality, Oxidative Stress, Ultrastructure, Mitochondrial Response, and Semen Bacteriology. Oxidative stress is a major contributor to male infertility. Therefore, fortifying assisted reproductive technology with nanotechnology could enhance sperm preservation. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of myo-inositol nano-emulsion (MINE) supplementation in semen extender on sperm quality, redox balance, semen bacteriology, apoptosis, ultrastructure, and acrosome status of chilled stallion semen. Methods: Semen samples were collected and preserved with 0 (MINE0), 1 (MINE1), and 2 (MINE2) mg of MINE/mL of extender. Results: Results revealed that extender fortified with 1 or 2 ...
Quantitative assessment of gait alterations and variability in sulky-driven Standardbred trotters after a standardised exercise test. Assessment of equine metabolic and locomotory responses to quantified levels of physical exercise is needed to support the creation of tailored protocols for optimal training adaptation. The locomotory response to exercise in horses is not fully understood. Objective: To investigate the effect of a standardised exercise test (SET) on upper-body and limb kinematics and stride-to-stride variability in Standardbred Warmblood trotters. Methods: Experimental repeated-measures field study. Methods: Thirteen Standardbred trotters, equipped with nine inertial measurement units (IMUs), performed an inc...
Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of cannabigerol in horses following intravenous and oral administration with micellar and oil formulations. Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid with growing interest in veterinary medicine; however, its pharmacokinetic profile in horses remains unknown. Understanding its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination is essential to optimizing dosing strategies and evaluating its potential for clinical use in equine patients. Unassigned: A prospective crossover study was conducted in eight healthy adult horses to assess the metabolism and the pharmacokinetics after intravenous (IV) administration at 1 mg/kg and oral administrations at 10 mg/kg with two formulations (mice...
Intraday and Interday Evaluation of pH and Hydrogen Peroxide in the Exhaled Breath Condensate of Horses Using A Portable Device. The analysis of equine exhaled breath condensate (EBC) lacks standardized methodology, and current collection devices are often adapted for research. This study evaluates a novel horse-specific EBC collector and assesses the variability of EBC pH and hydrogen peroxide (HO) levels, exploring potential correlations with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and tracheal wash (TW) cytology. Eleven healthy mixed-breed mares from a teaching herd, with no evidence of airway abnormalities, were included in this randomized observational study. The collection efficiency of the proposed device was assessed, and ...
Ex vivo biomechanical testing of a three-dimensional printed titanium plate and spacer construct and 4.5 mm locking compression plate for ventral cervical fusion of C4-C5 in the horse. To compare the biomechanical properties of a three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium plate and spacer (3DM) and a 4.5 mm broad locking compression plate (LCP) for intervertebral fusion of C4-C5 in the horse. Methods: Ex vivo experimental study. Methods: Twenty-four equine cadaveric cervical spines. Methods: Twenty-four cadaver equine cervical spines were randomly assigned to ventral intervertebral fusion with either 3DM (n = 12) or LCP (n = 12) at C4-C5. Four-point bending tests were performed in flexion (3DM n = 6, LCP n = 6) and extension (3DM n = 6, LCP n = 6) in a sin...
Factors Influencing the Intra-Oral Movement of the Bit: A Cadaveric Study. Bit-related trauma is a welfare issue in equestrian sports; therefore, a proper understanding of how the bit behaves inside the mouth is of importance. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of bit design (snaffle bits/single/double-jointed; ring/eggbutt and curb bits), size, rein tension, and rein angle on the intra-oral movement of the bit in ex vivo specimens. The lateral and posterior movement of different bits was measured on cadaver heads under different circumstances. This ex vivo model, while not fully replicating natural conditions, provided insight into potential...
MHC compatibility influences the interaction between different types of equine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells and the local immune response. The allogeneic administration of equine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) has numerous advantages over autologous therapy, but their interactions with the patient's immune system need to be further elucidated. These interactions can be influenced by factors such as the compatibility between donor-receptor for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and by the MHC expression levels, which can change under different conditions like inflammatory exposure and chondrogeneic differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the local immune response induced by chondrogeneically differentiated (MSC...
In vitro and in vivo effects of Acacia mearnsii De Wild extract for cyathostomin control in horses. Anthelmintic resistance has led to the use of organic extracts as alternative methods of parasite control. Objective: The study aimed to assess the effects of Acacia mearnsii extract (tannin) on the control of cyathostomins in horses, both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Thirty Pantaneiro horses naturally infected with cyathostomins were sourced from two distinct farms, designated as Farms A and B. At the start of the study, all third-stage larvae were cyathostomins, and an egg hatchability test (EHT) was performed using fecal samples from horses on both farms. Two randomized 28-day field studi...
Effect of Fluorescence Biomodulation on Dermal Healing in an Equine Experimental In Vivo Wound Model. This study aimed to determine the safety and macroscopic/microscopic effects of fluorescence biomodulation (FBM) on experimentally induced, full-thickness, distal limb wounds in horses.This was an experimental study ( = 6 horses). Two full-thickness wounds were created on both dorsal metacarpi of six adult horses. Each forelimb was randomly allocated to either control (no FBM) or treatment (FBM) and randomly allocated to visual or histological assessment of healing. Wounds were treated within each experimental group every 7 days for four treatments. Fluorescence biomodulation wounds were ...
Shifting Paradigms: Imidocarb dipropionate as an alternative chemotherapeutic strategy for Trypanosoma evansi infection in animals. We report on the in vitro and in vivo success of Imidocarb dipropionate (IDP), an aromatic diamidine compound, as an effective drug against Surra-causing organism, Trypanosoma evansi. IDP is a clinically acclaimed drug for the treatment of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. We have also investigated cytotoxic effect of IDP on equine Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and Vero cell line. The data generated indicate that the IC of IDP (2.73 µM) was significantly lower than its cytotoxic concentration (32.66 and 80.70 µM against PBMCs and Vero cell line, respectively). We have recorded signific...
Direct Warming of Vitrified In Vivo Equine Embryos. Vitrified in vitro-produced embryos can be successfully warmed in isotonic media at room temperature (RT; 22°C). However, this protocol has not been reported for in vivo embryos, which are more challenging to vitrify and warm. Study objectives were to see if vitrified in vivo embryos warmed in RT isotonic medium gave equivalent pregnancy rates to stepwise serial dilution warming, and if embryo size influenced the results. One hundred and seventeen embryos were divided into groups by size (G1:≤ 300 μm, n = 59; G2:> 300-400 μm, n = 33; G3:> 400-500 μm, n = ...
A comparison of the efficacy of three commercial human embryo vitrification kits for cryopreservation of in vivo produced equine embryos. Different cryoprotectants can influence the ability of embryos to successfully survive vitrification and subsequent warming before transfer. Objective: To compare pregnancy rates for embryos ≤500 μm vitrified, without puncture or aspiration of the blastocoele cavity, with one of three commercial human embryo vitrification kits containing the same penetrating cryoprotectants (DMSO and EG) but varying in their non-penetrating cryoprotectants (NPCPAs; sucrose, trehalose, dextran serum supplement [DSS], and hydroxypropyl cellulose [HPC]). Methods: In vivo experiments. Methods: Embryos (n =â...
The proteomic differences and expression of fatty acid-binding protein 6 (FABP6) associated with gastrointestinal injury in horses with oral administration of a clinical dose of phenylbutazone. Phenylbutazone (PBZ) can potentially induce gastrointestinal ulceration, and early detection of PBZ-induced gastroenteropathy will be useful for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PBZ toxicity. Objective: To identify putative proteins associated with equine gastric ulcer syndrome after clinical dose (4.4 mg/kg) administration of PBZ by proteomic study. Methods: In vivo experiments. Methods: Proteomic analysis using LC-MS/MS compared protein expression in serum and faeces of seven PBZ-treated horses with seven placebo-treated controls, and a novel putative biomarker was validated via...
Adaptation strategies of Icelandic horses with induced transient hindlimb lameness at walk, trot and tölt. Background: Icelandic horses are valued for their additional gaits, but assessing lameness in this breed can be challenging. Pelvic (P) vertical movement asymmetries, differences (D) in minimum (min)/maximum (max) position, are used to quantify impact (PDmin) and push-off (PDmax) hindlimb lameness during the trot, but no established parameters exist for detecting hindlimb lameness in other gaits.Objective: To evaluate temporal stride parameters and upper-body movement asymmetry after transient hindlimb lameness induction in walk, trot and tölt.Study designIn vivo experiment.Methods: Eleven Ic...
Could Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Help Control Gastrointestinal Parasites in Horses? Exploring new natural-origin antiparasitic alternatives is essential in addressing the resistance issues that have emerged due to the widespread use of chemical or synthetic antiparasitic compounds. This area remains relatively underexplored despite the increasing recognition of plants like (mesquite) for their antiparasitic properties and nutritional value as a high-protein animal feed. This review aims to investigate the antiparasitic potential of against gastrointestinal parasites in horses. The review incorporates sources from 2005 to 2024. It was found that various phytochemical compoun...
Roles of GDF9 and BMP15 in equine follicular development: in vivo content and in vitro effects of IGF1 and cortisol on granulosa cells. In horses, the mechanisms behind ovarian follicle growth and oocyte maturation remain largely unknown. In other species, oocyte-secreted factors growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) have been related to the acquisition of developmental competence and to interaction with granulosa cells for the regulation of follicle development. This study assessed the expression and localization of GDF9 in the equine ovary, and its possible relationship with granulosa cell function. Results: Using custom-made antibodies, GDF9 protein was localized in oocytes from th...
Comparative digestibility and gas production kinetics of Tifton 85 hay in donkeys and horses. This study aimed to verify whether donkeys of the Nordestino ecotype are more efficient than horses concerning apparent digestibility and gas production of Tifton 85 hay at different maturity stages, using the total feces collection method and the in vitro gas production technique. Four donkeys and four horses were used in a 2 × 2 factorial completely randomized design with two Equidae species and hay at two maturity stages (higher quality "Hay 1″ and lower quality "Hay 2″). No difference (P < 0,05) was found between the Equidae species for apparent nutrient digestibility of the Hay 1....
Novel Intracardiac Ultrasound Images Developed on a Cardiac Ultrasound Simulator and Validated in Live Horses. Ultrasonographic guidance of catheter-based interventions in horses is based primarily on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) has the potential to provide detailed imaging of specific cardiac regions. Insight and training in echocardiographic guidance can be acquired using an echocardiography simulator. Objective: Use an echocardiography simulator for horses to determine specific ICE views for catheter-based interventions and validate these in live horses. Methods: Six adult healthy experimental horses. Methods: Observational study. An echocardiographic ph...
Combining in vivo and in vitro approaches to investigate the effect of sainfoin on strongyle infection, immunity and large intestine ecosystem of horses. Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia), a polyphenol-rich plant, has shown promising anti-parasitic properties in ruminants, but results in horses are fewer and inconsistent. The mechanisms of action involved are not fully understood and different factors may influence its anti-parasitic properties. Recently, it has been shown that the effect of sainfoin depends on the horse's diet. Indeed, the inclusion of dehydrated sainfoin pellets in a high-starch diet limited the rate of increase in strongyle egg shedding over a short period of time (21 d). The objective of this study was to evaluate, in vivo, ...
In Vivo Metabolic Studies of 2-Hydroxyethyl Salicylate in Horses. 2-Hydroxyethyl salicylate (2HES), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is a medication to treat musculoskeletal injuries and inflammation swelling of humans and horses. Its misuse could affect the performance of horses and mask injuries, which could pose significant health risks. In horseracing, it is reported as an adverse finding once detected in competition. The metabolism of 2HES in either human or horse has not been reported, and therefore, little is known about its metabolic fate. This paper describes the in vivo metabolism of 2HES in horse with an objective to identify the mo...
Different methods of perfusate administration do not have an effect on synovial concentrations of amikacin following intravenous regional limb perfusion. To determine if different methods of perfusate instillation influence synovial amikacin concentrations in the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) after IV regional limb perfusion (IVRLP). Unassigned: 6 healthy horses received an IVRLP using 2 different methods: (1) 2 g amikacin followed by 52 mL 0.9% NaCl (60 mL total; perfusate-A) and (2) 2 g amikacin diluted to 60 mL with 0.9% NaCl (perfusate-D). For both methods, the perfusion was administered over 5 minutes. Joint fluid from the RCJ was sampled at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes after instillation of the perfusate. Systemic concentrations of amikacin w...
Evaluation of Celastrol Antiviral Activity Against Equid Alphaherpesvirus Type 8 Infection. Equid alphaherpesvirus type 8 (EHV-8) is a contagious pathogen that causes reproductive disorders, respiratory diseases, and viral encephalitis in equids, resulting in significant economic losses for the global horse and donkey industries. Currently, there are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines available for EHV-8 control. In this study, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of celastrol against EHV-8 both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that celastrol significantly inhibited EHV-8 infection in Rabbit kidney (RK-13) and equine dermal cells (NBL-6) in a dose-dependent manne...
Assessing omeprazole and flunixin meglumine co-administration in treating equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Mongolian horses. Flunixin meglumine (FM) is commonly used in painful conditions in horses; however, it may contribute to equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Some veterinarians combine omeprazole (OME) and FM to reduce EGUS risk. However, the efficacy and safety of this combination in Mongolian horses with chronic lameness remain unknown. Objective: To investigate the changes in lameness and EGUS scores in Mongolian horses through the comparison of three treatment strategies: FM, FM + OME and placebo treated control (CON) and to assess the effects of these treatments on gastric fluid pH, serum total prote...
Unveiling the equine placental transcriptome: A novel study on ICSI-derived pregnancies. Alterations during the early stages of embryo development have been associated with long-term effects on the fetus, neonate, and adult, but this has not been investigated in horses. In recent years, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has gained in commercial popularity in the equine population. Research suggests an association between ICSI-produced embryos and placental malformations, but there exists little understanding of the physiology involved. Therefore, we aim to produce a complete transcriptomic analysis of chorioallantois and provide potential pathways that may be impacted follow...
Tenoscopic-guided resection of the manica flexoria utilizing radiofrequency energy. A proof of concept study. To develop and optimize a tenoscopic technique for resection of the manica flexoria utilizing a radiofrequency probe. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Eighteen cadaver limbs and two experimental horses. Methods: Tenoscopic-guided resection of the manica flexoria using radiofrequency energy proceeded sequentially by transection of the medial, lateral and proximal borders. The technique was performed in ex vivo limbs and then in vivo to replicate clinical scenarios. Time to complete resection of the manica flexoria (mean ± SD) and complications was recorded. Limbs were dissected and sc...
Pulmonary disposition and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of chloramphenicol in healthy fasted adult horses. To describe and compare the pulmonary and plasma pharmacokinetics of different oral formulations of chloramphenicol administered as a single dose to healthy adult horses. Unassigned: A single dose of chloramphenicol was administered to 6 healthy, university-owned fasted adult horses IV (25 mg/kg), orally as commercial tablets (50 mg/kg), or orally or intragastrically as compounded suspension (50 mg/kg), according to a randomized crossover protocol. Plasma was collected 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage (B...
The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Liraglutide in Equine Inflammatory Joint Models. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties of liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, in equine in vitro models and in an in vivo acute synovitis model in Shetland ponies. The anti-inflammatory effect of liraglutide was assessed by measuring concentrations of inflammatory biomarker C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2) in culture media of equine whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), chondrocytes, and synoviocytes, with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1β. In the in vivo experiment, acute synovitis was bilaterally induced with ...
