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Topic:Veterinary Science
Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Millimeter‑segmental analysis of individual equine mane hairs by LC/HRMS for revealing chronological drug distribution in anti‑doping investigations. Millimeter‑segmental analysis offers substantially improved temporal resolution over conventional bulk hair testing, yet no validated workflow has been established for equine mane hair. This proof‑of‑concept study presents the first liquid chromatography/high‑resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS)‑based millimeter‑segmental workflow optimized for equine anti‑doping investigations. Mane hairs collected up to six months after a single 50‑mg oral administration of osilodrostat were cut into 2‑mm segments, extracted under standard conditions, and quantified using a fully-validate...
Factors influencing veterinary student interest in equine practice in the United States: A focus group study. The number of new veterinary graduates entering equine practice in the United States continues to decline, and more than half leave the field within 5 years. Understanding the perspectives of veterinary students is critical for developing interventions that promote retention and long-term career satisfaction in equine medicine. Objective: To explore what factors influence veterinary student interest in and commitment to equine practice using the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory as a guiding framework. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured student focus groups. Me...
The Influence of Season on Endocrine Testing in Equids. Endocrine function in equids is strongly influenced by season, with photoperiod as the primary driver and additional modulation by factors such as breed, geography, age, and nutrition. These seasonal effects have important implications for the interpretation of endocrine diagnostic tests. Circannual rhythms influence pituitary activity, resulting in predictable seasonal variation in adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations and forming the basis for seasonally adjusted diagnostic thresholds for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. Seasonal effects on insulin dynamics are less understood but...
Use of a caudal intercostal block in horses undergoing surgery for colic. In humans and companion animals, regional anaesthesia is used in multimodal analgesic protocols for abdominal wall surgery. Benefits include earlier patient mobilisation and improved pain scores. Regional anaesthetic techniques for horses undergoing abdominal surgery could provide similar benefits and warrant investigation. Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a caudal intercostal block for abdominal surgery (CIBAS) in horses undergoing surgery for colic. Methods: Blinded, randomised clinical trial. Methods: Horses (n = 22) undergoing exploratory celiotomy for colic were rando...
Context-aware machine learning for lameness side and severity prediction in trotting horses: A proof-of-concept study. In clinical practice, lameness evaluation often relies on visual assessment under different examination conditions, including ground and figures, and remains subjective. Although objective symmetry indices provide quantitative measures of gait asymmetry, their interpretation across multiple conditions remains challenging because several complementary indices are required and their thresholds vary with context. Objective: To assess the ability of a context-aware machine learning approach to predict lameness side and severity at the trot using trunk-mounted IMUs. Methods: Retrospective observati...
Cryopreservation of Bovine, Equine, and Porcine Sperm. In livestock breeding, cryopreserved semen is routinely used for artificial insemination. Sperm cryopreservation enables long-term storage and transport of insemination doses, thereby securing genetic material for later use. Although specifics may vary, commonly used sperm cryopreservation protocols for domestic species feature similar processing steps as outlined in this chapter. We here describe common procedures for cryopreservation of bull, stallion and boar sperm. This includes preparation and use of the following diluents: TRIS egg yolk extenders (TEY) for bull sperm, ordinary and freezi...
Effects of steaming and storage on microbial quality and nutrient losses of hay. Steaming reduces microbial content of hay but the effect of steaming on nutrient quality and the effects of storage after steaming on microbial content are incompletely known. Objective: It was hypothesized that steamed hay can be stored for up to 24 h without an increase in microbial content and that steaming of hay favors the increase in measurable Maillard reaction products. Methods: Spoiled hay was steamed and then stored in hay nets, buckets or the hay steamer itself under summer and winter climate conditions. Microbial content was assessed by bacterial and fungal culture before and after...
Anesthetic Recovery Following a Midazolam-Containing Co-Induction Protocol in Horses Undergoing Total Intravenous Anesthesia. Anesthetic recovery is a critical phase in horses under field conditions, and induction protocols may influence recovery quality during total intravenous anesthesia. Objective: To compare two anesthetic induction protocols, one including midazolam and the other based solely on xylazine and ketamine, regarding anesthetic induction and recovery quality, total recovery time, and attempts to achieve standing in horses undergoing total intravenous anesthesia. Methods: Twelve healthy male horses older than 2 years were randomly assigned to XC (xylazine 1 mg/kg and ketamine 2 mg/kg) or XCM (xylazine ...
Pelvic Flexure Enterotomy in Horses: Scoping Review and Synthesis of the Literature (1996-2026). This scoping review maps the available literature aimed at identifying the most appropriate technique for suturing pelvic flexure enterotomies in horses. A comprehensive search of Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information was conducted for studies published between January 1996 and February 2026, using terms related to pelvic flexure enterotomy and equine patients. From 22,146 records, only five ex vivo studies on healthy equine colon specimens met the inclusion criteria. The studies compared variables such as suturing time, suture pattern, material,...
Comparison of donkey and stallion semen preservation: effects of egg yolk plasma, seminal plasma and extenders on sperm motility, MALDI profiles and fertility. The conservation of donkey breeds at risk of extinction requires the development and optimisation of semen preservation and artificial insemination strategies aimed at improving reproductive efficiency, increasing genetic diversity and supporting sustainable population management. The effects of commercial extenders (INRA96, BotuSemen Gold, Beyond), seminal plasma (SP) removal and egg yolk plasma (EYP; 0-10%) supplementation on jack semen stored at 4°C for 24-48 h were evaluated, using stallion semen as a reference. Sperm motility was assessed by computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), where...
Influence of Manual Double-Spin Preparation Protocols on the Cellular and Growth Factor Composition of Equine Platelet-Rich Plasma. This prospective, randomised, ex vivo study investigated the effects of manual double-spin centrifugation protocols on the cellular and growth factor composition of equine platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Blood from 20 healthy horses was evaluated in two phases. In Phase A (n = 10), nine first-spin protocols were compared, and two were selected based on platelet enrichment and leukocyte reduction. In Phase B (n = 10), these were combined with nine second-spin conditions, generating 18 PRP preparations. Platelet (PLT), leukocyte (WBC) and erythrocyte (RBC) concentrations and PDGF-BB and TGF-β conce...
Morphological Characterization of Turkish Ambling Horses. Morphometric information on ambling horses raised in Türkiye remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the morphometric traits of ambling horses according to breeding origin, age, and sex and to provide baseline phenotypic information on the studied population. A total of 102 naturally ambling horses were evaluated, including indigenous horses raised in Bursa ( = 28), indigenous horses raised in Nazilli, Aydın Province ( = 65), and Afghan-origin horses raised in Bursa ( = 9). Morphometric measurements of the head, body, and limbs were recorded, and the effects of breeding origin, age...
Evaluation of a new immunoassay for measuring equine serum insulin and plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone: A method comparison study. Insulin dysregulation (ID) and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) are common equine endocrinopathies detected by measurement of circulating insulin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) concentrations. Different assays may yield variable results, limiting comparability. Objective: To compare immunoassays developed specifically to measure equine insulin (VIDAS® Equine Insulin; enzyme-linked fluorescent assay [ELFA]) and equine ACTH (VIDAS® Equine ACTH; ELFA) with results obtained from a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) measured using IMMULITE 2000XPi, a chemiluminescence enzym...
Anatomy and Ultrasound-Guided Injection of the Deep Branch of the Lateral Palmar Nerve in the Horse: A Cadaveric Study. Proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) injuries are a common cause of lameness in horses. Localization of pain in the proximal metacarpal and carpal region remains challenging. Current diagnostic analgesic techniques are not PSL-specific. The aim of this study was to investigate the nerve supply of the PSL, with particular focus on the deep branch of the lateral palmar nerve (DBLPaN), and to develop a landmark-based, ultrasound-guided injection technique targeting this nerve. Unassigned: Eighteen limbs from euthanized horses were dissected to describe the anatomy of the DBLPaN and branches, measur...
Diagnostic utility of trigeminocervical reflex and quantitative sensory testing in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking. Assessment of trigeminal nerve (TN) function in horses with trigeminal-mediated headshaking (TMHS) using trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) has not been investigated. Objective: Horses with TMHS show lower TCR and QST thresholds than controls. A subset shows left-to-right differences. Methods: Privately owned horses with TMHS (n = 12) and secondary headshaking (sHS; n = 4), from a referral hospital. Headshaking-free controls (n = 14), from the hospital's teaching herd or privately owned. Methods: Prospective case-control-study. In unsedated horses, TCR ...
Electrocardiographic recording in horses at rest: a concordance analysis of two methods. Cardiac arrhythmias are frequently detected during routine auscultation in athletic horses. Assessment of their clinical significance requires electrocardiography (ECG) to analyze waveforms and intervals. In recent years, portable ECG devices have been introduced to simplify electrocardiographic examination, offering advantages such as ease of use and the ability to review results via a smartphone. This study evaluated the utility and accuracy of a portable ECG device compared with a standard electrocardiograph. Simultaneous ECG recordings were obtained from 28 healthy adult horses at rest usi...
Synthesis and Characterization of 2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)Promazine Sulfoxide-d4 HCl as an Internal Standard for the Accurate Quantitation of 2-(1-Hydroxyethyl)Promazine Sulfoxide in Equine Urine. Acetylpromazine, 1-{10-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-10H-phenothiazin-2-yl}ethenone, CHNOS, 326.46 g·mol is a phenothiazine derivative at one time used in human medicine as an antipsychotic medication but now predominantly used in veterinary medicine as a sedative/tranquilizer and referred to as acepromazine. In performance horses its use is regulated by using a 10 ng/mL threshold for the major urinary metabolite 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) promazine-sulfoxide (HEPS) in equine urine. To enable accurate quantitation of HEPS in equine urine we have synthesized and purified hydroxyethylpromazine sulfoxid...
Multiple Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria with Marked Cholesterol-Lowering Effects Were Discovered in Equine Colostrum. Xinjiang ranks among the key domestication origins of horses. Local nomadic ethnic groups have a long-standing tradition of consuming equine dairy products, which endows mare-derived dairy matrices with abundant, distinctive and scarce probiotic resources. Equine colostrum is rich in immunoglobulins and growth factors; nevertheless, its pharmacological activities and micro-ecological composition remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to isolate and screen native strains with cholesterol-lowering potential from Xinjiang equine colostrum and conduct a preliminary investigation into their ...
Spatial and temporal radiation exposure during equine bone scintigraphy: Implications for occupational safety and post-scintigraphy isolation. Bone scintigraphy is a valuable diagnostic modality in equine orthopaedics, but it is associated with occupational radiation exposure and regulatory requirements for post-procedural isolation. Objective: To quantify radiation dose rates emitted from horses undergoing bone scintigraphy, to evaluate the effects of distance (spatial) and time (temporal) on radiation exposure, and to derive evidence-based recommendations for post-scintigraphy isolation periods. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty warmblood horses underwent musculoskeletal scintigraphy following intravenous...
An atypical extrapulmonary presentation of rhodococcus equi infection in a foal: a case report. Rhodococcus equi infection in foals is primarily associated with pulmonary disease but may also present with extrapulmonary manifestations (Giguère et al. 2011; Reuss et al. 2009). Hemolytic anemia is a rare and poorly described complication, with only a single previous report of presumed immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in foals affected by R. equi. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, disease progression, and postmortem examination of a 4-month-old Holsteiner foal with confirmed R. equi infection and severe anemia consistent with a presumed immune-media...
Computed Tomographic Lesion Descriptors in Foals With Hematogenous Osteomyelitis: Interobserver Agreement and Association With Outcome. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to diagnose osteomyelitis in foals, but the prognostic value and interobserver reproducibility of specific CT lesion descriptors remain unclear. This multicenter retrospective study aimed to characterize CT features of hematogenous osteomyelitis in foals using a structured radiologic feature set, assess interobserver agreement, and evaluate associations between CT descriptors and survival to hospital discharge and long-term survival. We hypothesized that CT features considered aggressive, including a long transition zone, permeative or moth-eaten o...
Non-coding RNA profiles associated with equine osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by regulating gene expression related to inflammation, chondrocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. In horses, OA is a leading cause of lameness and poor performance, with no current treatments halting disease progression and no clear biomarker available. Although some studies have investigated expression profiles of ncRNAs in equine OA, there is a need to systematically review previous efforts and synthesize information to identify potential ncRNAs to target in future research. Unassigned: The sear...
Evidence-based interpretation of uterine cultures in mares: Linking bacterial growth patterns to endometrial inflammation. We evaluated uterine bacterial growth patterns and their association with endometrial inflammation (EI) in equine samples collected using uterine swabs (US) or low-volume uterine lavage (UL). A database including 1,545 US and 2,066 UL with cytological and bacteriological results was retrospectively analysed. Endometrial inflammation was defined as ≥2 polymorphonuclear cells per high-power field, and bacterial culture was considered positive when aerobic growth occurred within 48 h, with the number of bacterial isolates per sample recorded (0, 1, 2, or ≥3). Data were analysed using generali...
Sixty-day oral antioxidant supplementation enhances sperm morphology and seminal plasma antioxidant capacity in stallions. While dietary supplementation with antioxidants has been identified as an effective strategy for mitigating oxidative stress (OS) damage in stallion sperm, specific protocols and the duration of its efficacy remain poorly defined. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 60-d dietary supplementation with a commercial antioxidant combination on semen quality and OS biomarkers in stallions. Stallions were divided into two groups: the control group (n = 5; CTRL) received 30 g/500 kg of placebo while the treated group (n = 5; OXY) received 30 g/500 kg of Oxyliver daily for 60...
Comparative Analysis of Volatile Components Changes in Horse Fat During Dry Fractionation by E-Nose, HS/GC-IMS and SPME/GC-MS. Horse fat is a valuable lipid source for traditional meat products, but its flavor quality is remains unclear during processing conditions. To investigate the effect of dry fractionation on the volatile profile of refined horse fat, samples obtained at different temperature were analyzed using an E-nose, HS/GC-IMS, and SPME/GC-MS. The E-nose results showed that the volatile profiles of the samples differed markedly, with the solid fractions obtained at 25 and 15 °C (S25 and S15) exhibiting stronger sensor responses and clustering together, whereas the liquid fraction at 5 °C (L5) showed the ...
Equine Blood and Salivary Cortisol Levels While Exercising on a Water Treadmill with an Artificial River System. A water treadmill (WT) is used in equine rehabilitation and training. This study aimed to investigate whether varying water depths and using an active artificial river (AR) system during water treadmill exercise would affect physiological stress responses in leisure horses. Thirteen leisure horses participated in five 20 min WT sessions, including those with a treadmill with dry belt, fetlock-depth WT (with/without AR), and carpal-depth WT (with/without AR) at a walking speed of 1.25 m/s. Blood and salivary cortisol levels were measured before, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise. Blo...
Microbiological, Molecular Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the Equine Reproductive Tract in Brazil. The genus Bordetella comprises 16 species of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, with the most notable being B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. The latter stands out for its ability to infect various hosts, causing both respiratory and reproductive issues, such as endometritis and infertility in mares. These infections impair reproductive efficiency and facilitate the spread of the pathogen among susceptible animals. Objective: The present study aimed to report the isolation and molecular diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica associated with endometritis and infertility in mares in Bra...
Challenges for interpreting results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for treating infections of foals with Rhodococcus equi. Rhodococcus equi is a facultative intracellular pathogen and a major cause of pneumonia in foals worldwide. The standard treatment for affected foals is a combination of a macrolide with rifampicin. The widespread use of this combination has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of R. equi. Consequently, antimicrobial susceptibility testing is essential for guiding treatment of rhodococcal pneumonia. Unfortunately, clinical breakpoints for macrolides and other antimicrobials against R. equi for foals are lacking, thereby complicating clinical interpretation of in vitro resu...
Relationship Between Feed Olfactory Exploration and Consumption in Horses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between horses' behaviour during olfactory exploration and following consumption of the same food containing herbs, either previously exposed to the herb odour or not. Twenty horses' responses to 14 herbs were compared in a smelling test, when the horses sniffed a herb, and after 20 min a consumption test, when they consumed oats mixed with the same herb. Before the tests, the horses were exposed to the scent of seven herbs, whereas the remaining seven herbs were non-pre-exposed. The results show that horses consumed oats with herbal additi...
