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Phage Therapy for a Refractory and Multidrug-resistant Equine Surgical Site Infection. A 14-year-old American Quarter Horse mare developed a refractory deep surgical site infection following emergency celiotomy for acute right dorsal large colon displacement with 180° volvulus. Initial cultures revealed a high-burden polymicrobial infection with and , associated with delayed healing, and later followed by multidrug-resistant , further limiting therapeutic options. Phage therapy was initiated using a customized lytic phage cocktail administered topically on a daily basis over a 35-day period, with cocktail composition guided by daily wound culture results. Phage therapy markedl...
Matched embryo-endometrium RNA-seq reveals coordinated but asymmetric transcriptomic reprogramming at the onset of early equine pregnancy. Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) in the mare requires coordinated adaptations of both the conceptus and the endometrium during the peri-recognition interval; however, integrated transcriptomic analyses of both compartments within the same biological window remain limited. Here, we analyzed conceptus RNA-seq data across embryonic age (Days 8 and 12 post ovulation) and endometrial RNA-seq data across pregnancy status (pregnant versus non-pregnant mares sampled between Days 8 and 12 post ovulation). In pregnant mares, conceptus recovery and endometrial biopsy collection were performed with...
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Agreement and Performance of Variant Annotation Programs in Equine Genomes. Advances in whole-genome sequencing (WGS) technology have led to the widespread adoption of WGS for investigating genetic diseases and traits in domestic animals. This has created a need for improved methods for prioritizing candidate causal variants. One way variants are prioritized is using variant annotators that predict variant effects based on their proximity to genomic features and effect on amino acid sequence. However, validation of variant annotators for domestic animal genomes is lacking. In this study, we calculated the agreement of three popular variant annotators, Ensembl Varian...
Placental adaptation to maternal environment in domestic animals. The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) is based on the observation that environmental conditions during sensitive windows of development shape lifelong physiology and disease susceptibility. While fetal organs are often viewed as direct programming targets, the placenta is a crucial mechanistic hub because it senses maternal conditions and actively constructs the fetal environment through nutrient transport, endocrine signaling, and immune regulation. Placental plasticity spans morphology and how exchanges are favored by tissue topology, vascular development and perfusion, tra...
First serological evidence of circulation of equine rhinitis A virus and molecular detection of equine rhinitis B virus in horses in North Africa. Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) are major respiratory pathogens of horses with a global distribution. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time in Algeria, the seroprevalence of ERAV antibodies, and to investigate a wide range of equine viruses (EIV, EHV-1, EHV-4, ERAV and ERBV). A total of 298 serum samples were collected between May 2022 and October 2023, from 11 provinces. Serological analysis for the presence of ERAV was performed using the complement fixation test (CFT). Our results revealed that 16.8% (50/298) samples tested positive for ...
Transcriptomic and Meat Quality Differences in Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Surgically Castrated Three-Year-Old Kazakh Horses. Although the Kazakh horse is a dual-purpose breed renowned for both milk and meat production, the extent to which surgical castration alters gene expression in its muscles has not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, left longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) samples were obtained from six Kazakh stallions (W group) and six Kazakh geldings (S group) to comparatively evaluate meat quality parameters, examine histological characteristics in tissue sections, and apply transcriptomic profiling to comprehensively explore the principal regulatory pathways and candidate genes through which surgical cas...
Polygenic Prediction of Equestrian Sport Discipline Among Horses Bred for Jumping and Dressage. Horses bred for different equestrian sports vary in physical, physiological and behavioural requirements. Characterising genetic markers associated with discipline provides an opportunity to improve identification of horses best suited to either jumping or dressage. Using a composite selection signals test, genomic regions under positive selection in German warmblood horses divergent for discipline were identified that contained lead SNPs proximal to or within genes with functions relevant to the requirements for jumping and dressage. Dressage genes function in tortuosity of movement (GRM5) an...
Differences in Stride Characteristics Between Lead and Wheel Horses in Competitive Chuckwagon Racing. In Chuckwagon racing, teams of four Thoroughbreds with two lead horses in front and two wheel horses directly behind pull a 600 kg wagon around a racetrack. Our study focuses on stride parameters that have previously retrospectively predicted impending injuries. We hypothesize that in aid of the initiation of the tight figure-of-eight turn at the start of the race, the more agile lead horses gallop with higher stride frequency (SF) and reduced stride length (SL), and that differences are exacerbated in the initial accelerative race segments. Methods: Speed, SF, and SL were quantified with glob...
Gross and Histopathologic Comparison of the Distal Third Metacarpal Bone and the Proximal First Phalanx with Sodium Fluoride Positron Emission Tomography Radiopharmaceutical Uptake in Five Horses. Injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint are a major cause of morbidity and catastrophic fracture in racing horses, yet early osseous pathology is often difficult to detect using conventional imaging. This pilot study aimed to correlate sodium fluoride Positron Emission Tomography (F-NaF PET) radiopharmaceutical uptake with gross and histopathologic changes in the distal third metacarpal bone (MC3) and proximal first phalanx (P1). Five horses (three racing Thoroughbreds with fetlock injury and two non-racing controls) underwent ante-mortem F-NaF PET and cone-beam CT imaging (CBCT), followed b...
Forage nutritive analysis in practical equine feeding: challenges and opportunities. Previous research has shown that forage nutritive analyses are not used to any large extent in equine nutrition. As forages differ widely in nutritional quality, knowledge of the nutritive value is essential to avoid under- or overfeeding of horses. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate how forage nutritive analyses were used among horse owners in Sweden, and to identify challenges horse owners encounter with such analyses. Methods: Data was collected through an online survey with questions about the respondent, access to forage analytical reports, if and how the respondent used ...
Exploring the role of epigenetics in the processes related to the development of endometrosis in the mare. Endometrosis is a chronic degenerative condition of the mare endometrium characterized by progressive fibrosis and glandular alterations that impair uterine function and fertility. Its pathogenesis involves persistent inflammation, the activation of myofibroblasts, and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to disrupted glandular secretion and compromised maintenance of pregnancy. While histopathological studies of endometrosis are well described, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence highlights the crucial role of epigenetic reg...
Integrative Advances in Equine Genomics From Reference Assemblies to Evolutionary History and Key Traits. Horses are major domestic animals and cultural symbols that have accompanied humans for millennia. They underpin transport, agriculture, warfare and sport, and also provide a model for studying domestication, complex traits and adaptive evolution. Recent work in equine genomics has now generated a much richer picture of how these roles are grounded in the genome. This review brings together advances in several connected areas: the construction and refinement of reference assemblies; genomic reconstructions of origin, domestication and dispersal; global and regional patterns of genetic diversit...
Phenotypic characterization through identification of gait and coat color phenotype of the Mountain Pleasure Horse. Phenotypic characterization of traits like gait and coat color is useful for minor breed identification and conservation. The Mountain Pleasure Horse (MPH) is a minor American breed as it is listed as threatened by the Livestock Conservancy. Objective: The study objective was to utilize phenotypic characterization for identifying gait and coat color phenotype of the MPH. Methods: Gait was characterized utilizing frame-by-frame analysis to identify spatiotemporal variables of purebred horses (n = 6) performing the flat walk and saddle rack. Coat color was characterized using coat color assi...
Chromosomal chaos: understanding aneuploidy associated with assisted reproductive technologies. Pregnancy loss remains a significant challenge for the equine breeding industry, with substantial economic and management consequences. Chromosomal abnormalities have emerged as a central driver of pregnancy loss, particularly during early gestation, highlighting the need to better understand the etiology of this inherent genetic instability. Concurrently, the rapid expansion of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) offers promise for improving equine reproductive efficiency alongside the traditional practice of natural cover. However, the increasing use of in vitro embryo production (IVP) ...
Ultrasonographic fetal sex determination in large domestic animals: a comparative, mechanistic, and field-oriented synthesis. Ultrasonographic fetal sex determination is commonly used in livestock production to aid genetic selection, reproductive planning, and economic optimization. Despite consistently high diagnostic accuracies under controlled conditions, its use in field settings is variable and frequently unpredictable. This disparity is due to the combined effects of embryological development, species-specific anatomy, fetal positioning, operator expertise, and technical limitations. Unassigned: This review aims to provide a comparative and integrative synthesis of ultrasonographic fetal sex determination acros...
Achieving Success in Conventional Equine Embryo Transfer: A Practical Review. Equine embryo transfer is a well-established procedure in horse breeding programs and it's used to increase the number of offspring from valuable mares, obtain embryos from mares in competition and produce foals from mares unable to carry a pregnancy to term. The success of embryo recovery depends mainly on the day of flushing, management of insemination, and the fertility of donor mare and stallion. Other relevant factors include donor age and reproductive status, number of ovulations, operator experience, and flushing technique. Pregnancy rates after transfer are influenced by donor-recipien...
Retrospective study of blood culture isolates, antimicrobial sensitivity, and survival factors from 243 neonatal foals in Normandy (France). Identifying causative bacterial species in neonatal foal bacteremia and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles is essential for guiding appropriate antibiotic therapy. Objective: To describe bacterial isolates from blood culture and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in neonatal foals from two French institutes, and to assess associations between pretreatment and blood culture positivity, and between in-hospital death (euthanasia or natural death) and the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methods: Two hundred forty-three foals (<7 days old) admitted to two equin...
Redefining stallion sperm bioenergetics: lessons from a decade of change in mammalian sperm metabolism. In brief: Sperm bioenergetics is now understood as an integrated system in which ATP production, redox homeostasis, substrate availability, and cellular heterogeneity jointly determine sperm function. This review uses the stallion as an oxidative-biased model to synthesize advances from 2016 to 2026 and proposes a metabolically plastic framework with direct implications for semen preservation and fertility assessment. Abstract: Over the last decade, mammalian sperm metabolism has moved from a binary view centered on glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation to an integrated model in which AT...
Mastication characterization of horses fed bermudagrass hay in a two-part field study. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is a common forage in the southeastern United States but remains controversial in equine diets due to reported associations with impaction colic. Reduced fiber digestibility has been proposed as a contributing factor, however differences in mastication of fine-stemmed bermudagrass hay have not been studied and may play a role in digestive disturbances. Objective: To compare chewing characteristics, including chews per unit weight and chews per minute, in horses consuming bermudagrass hay compared to other common hay types. Methods: Two studies were conducted....
The effects of upper airway obstruction on oxygen consumption and ventilatory variables in Colombian criollo horses. While conditions associated with upper airway obstruction (UAO) are reported in Colombian Criollo horses, their effect on ventilation and performance is unknown. Objective: To investigate how oxygen consumption ($dot{rm V}$O2), ventilation,, and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) are affected by UAO in horses performing at natural gaits. Methods: Twenty-three client-owned Colombian Criollo horses. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study assigned horses to a control (C), or UAO group after overground endoscopy. All horses performed a standardized submaximal exercise test while ...
Parascaris spp. induced surgical colic in juvenile horses-A Scandinavian perspective. Parascaris spp. commonly infects foals, and high burdens can cause fatal small intestinal impactions. Progressive anthelmintic resistance poses a risk for an increase of Parascaris spp. related disease in juvenile horses. Objective: To investigate Parascaris-related surgical intestinal lesions, with special emphasis on ascarid impactions, in Scandinavia by exploring (1) disease occurrence and (2) short-term survival rates after laparotomy in affected foals and yearlings. Methods: Restrospective case series. Methods: A retrospective clinical record search was conducted at six Scandinavian equin...
Comparative hematological and serum biochemical profiling of grassland Xichun and Xilingol horses. The Grassland Xichun horse is an emerging crossbred population developed from Xilingol mares and Thoroughbred stallions in Inner Mongolia, China, yet its blood physiological profile has not been systematically characterized. In this study, we compared 32 hematological and serum biochemical parameters between 177 Grassland Xichun horses and 35 Xilingol horses maintained under the same extensive grazing conditions. Following Benjamini-Hochberg FDR correction, 17 of 32 parameters differed significantly between breeds. Grassland Xichun horses showed markedly higher RBC count (9.145 vs 7.905 × 10...
Mitochondrial Adaptations to Exercise Training in Equine Skeletal Muscle: A Narrative Review. The horse represents one of the most physiologically specialized athletic mammals, capable of sustaining both high-intensity and prolonged exercise. Central to this remarkable performance capacity is the metabolic adaptability of skeletal muscle and its mitochondrial network. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence from equine, human, and rodent studies on exercise-induced mitochondrial remodeling in equine skeletal muscle. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus using terms related to equine exercise physiology, mitochondrial biolog...
Follicular growth and atresia at the time of oocyte aspiration differentially affect in vitro embryo production in mares. Ovum pick-up (OPU) followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is increasingly used in horses, yet embryo production rates remain variable, potentially reflecting differences in oocyte developmental competence at the time of aspiration. We investigated whether the stage of the follicular wave, growth phase (GP) versus atresia phase (AP), and associated endocrine profiles in mares, influence oocyte developmental competence. Mares underwent follicular ablation to synchronize follicular waves, and oocytes were aspirated during GP or AP for in vitro production of embryos. Serum concentrati...
Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel alters synovial immune pathways in equine experimental osteoarthritis. To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA). Unassigned: Osteoarthritis was induced in 1 middle carpal joint of 16, 2- to 5-year-old horses (7 mares and 9 geldings) via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in combination with exercise on a high-speed treadmill; the contralateral limb underwent a sham operation. Horses were exercised 5 days per week, beginning on day 16 postoperatively. The osteochondral fragment joint was injec...
The Occurrence of Bacterial Infections in Equine Wounds and Abscesses in Horses from 2019 to 2023. Bacterial infections in equine wounds are common and can complicate treatment and healing. This five-year retrospective study examined 2844 samples from wounds and abscesses from horses in Germany (2019-2023), analyzing bacterial prevalence by care setting and geographical region. A total of 4464 bacterial isolates were identified, with β-hemolytic streptococci (20.6%), (15.6%), and (13.0%) being the most common. Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) accounted for 35.9% of isolates. Resistance to third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins was detected in 15.2% of isolates. Samples from clinics s...
A Case of Separate os tarsale primum in a Horse. Anatomical variation in the equine tarsus may involve either fusion of the with the or the presence of a separate . The distal row of tarsal bones is therefore of particular anatomical interest, as an independent first tarsal bone has been only sporadically documented in previous studies. In this study, twelve equine tarsal joints were examined using macroscopic and radiographic methods. In eleven specimens, six tarsal bones were identified, whereas in one specimen (1/12, 8.3%), seven tarsal bones were observed due to the presence of an independent with an irregular cuboid shape. Radiograph...
Glandular gastric disease prevalence in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules) and other gastric findings: post-mortem comparative study. Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) has limited prevalence studies and scarce understanding of the predisposing factors and pathophysiological mechanisms involved. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the post-mortem prevalence of EGGD and other gastric lesions in Colombian equids, specifically horses, donkeys, and mules. The study utilized a sample of 300 equids stomachs, with 100 specimens from each group, collected immediately after slaughter. The post-mortem examination included a thorough inspection of the ventral fundus, adjacent area of the margo plicatus, and ...
Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Giardia duodenalis and Blastocystis sp. in Horses in Shanxi Province, North China. (synonyms and ) and sp. are prevalent zoonotic intestinal protozoans with significant public health and economic importance. Both parasites infect various hosts, including humans and most livestock. can cause infections ranging from asymptomatic carriage to clinical manifestations such as acute diarrheal disease, growth stunting and malabsorption, whereas sp. infection is often asymptomatic and its pathogenicity remains debated. Following the rapid expansion of modern equine industries (horse racing, equestrian sports, production, and tourism), concern about the spread of parasitic diseas...
Feasibility and safety of repeated 23% hypertonic saline boluses for electrical impedance tomography contrast enhancement in anaesthetised horses. Hypertonic saline (HS) has been used to enhance electrical impedance tomography (EIT) cardiac-related signals associated with pulmonary perfusion in other species, but its suitability and physiological effects in horses are unknown. This exploratory study aimed to determine whether intravenous administration of 100 mL of 23% HS produces a detectable change in thoracic impedance in anaesthetised horses, and to evaluate the physiological effects of repeated bolus administration. Six adult horses were anaesthetised twice using total intravenous anaesthesia. Hypertonic saline 23% was administered ...
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