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Topic:Equine Diseases
Equine diseases encompass a wide range of health conditions that can affect horses, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and genetic conditions. These diseases can impact the overall health, performance, and well-being of horses. Common equine diseases include equine influenza, equine herpesvirus, laminitis, and equine metabolic syndrome. Diagnosis and management of these diseases often require a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and appropriate treatment strategies. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for various equine diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians and researchers in the field.
Correction: Epidemiological study of strongyle infections in equines in Egypt: prevalence and risk factors. [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1901312.].
Non-coding RNA profiles associated with equine osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) by regulating gene expression related to inflammation, chondrocyte apoptosis, and extracellular matrix degradation. In horses, OA is a leading cause of lameness and poor performance, with no current treatments halting disease progression and no clear biomarker available. Although some studies have investigated expression profiles of ncRNAs in equine OA, there is a need to systematically review previous efforts and synthesize information to identify potential ncRNAs to target in future research. Unassigned: The sear...
Surgical Management of Unilateral Maxillary Molar Teeth Impaction in a Horse. Impaction of equine permanent cheek teeth is most commonly reported in the mandible, whereas maxillary involvement is rare. This report describes an uncommon presentation of congenital impaction of 3 successive maxillary molar teeth in a 4-year-old mare. Computed tomography revealed complex spatial relationships between the impacted teeth, the sinus floor and adjacent structures, which were not fully appreciated on conventional radiography and were essential for surgical planning. Surgical extraction via a maxillary sinus bone flap permitted controlled sectioning and subsequent removal of all ...
Isolation of Moraxella spp. strains in horses. Two species of Moraxella were isolated from swabs obtained from two symptomatic horses suffering from conjunctivitis and rhinitis. The isolates were identified via MALDI-TOF as Moraxella osloensis and Moraxella equi respectively, with a good genus identification and a probable species identification score. The first one was also confirmed by BLAST sequence analysis with a high homology (99%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing obtained by minimum inhibitory concentration method showed that the two isolates were sensitive to all the tested molecules. The therapeutic protocols applied had an e...
Allele frequencies of 7 inherited disorders in performance and random cohorts of American Quarter Horses (2020-2024). To estimate allele frequencies for genetic diseases in the American Quarter Horse (QH), including hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1), malignant hyperthermia (MH), myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM), glycogen branching enzyme deficiency (GBED), hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia (HERDA), and equine juvenile spinocerebellar ataxia (EJSCA), and to compare these frequencies over time among elite performance subgroups and a random cohort of registered horses. Unassigned: In this prospective genetic survey, DNA was extracted from 300 elite ...
Microbiological, Molecular Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the Equine Reproductive Tract in Brazil. The genus Bordetella comprises 16 species of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, with the most notable being B. pertussis, B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. The latter stands out for its ability to infect various hosts, causing both respiratory and reproductive issues, such as endometritis and infertility in mares. These infections impair reproductive efficiency and facilitate the spread of the pathogen among susceptible animals. Objective: The present study aimed to report the isolation and molecular diagnosis of B. bronchiseptica associated with endometritis and infertility in mares in Bra...
Ostium-specific equine pulmonary vein myocardial sleeve gross anatomy and structural evidence of interatrial myocardial continuity with potential implications for ablation strategies. Pulmonary vein (PV) myocardial sleeves (MSs) harbour an arrhythmogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. However, equine-specific data on MS distribution and wall thickness are limited yet essential for developing ablation strategies. In humans, posterior interatrial connections can compromise right-sided PV isolation. Objective: To study equine PV MS distribution, quantify ostial/branch diameters, antral lengths, characterise MS distal edge morphology, measure wall thickness and explore an interatrial myocardial continuity between the MSs of caudal branches draining through ostium III (PV II...
Alpha-2-Macroglobulin-Enriched Plasma Modulates Inflammatory and Proteolytic Pathways in Experimental Equine Musculoskeletal Models. Joint inflammation and extracellular matrix degradation are major contributors to the development of equine osteoarthritis and reduced athletic performance. Alpha-2-macroglobulin is a naturally occurring broad-spectrum inhibitor of proteases and inflammatory mediators that has emerged as a promising orthobiologic therapy. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and matrix-protective effects of alpha-2-macroglobulin-enriched plasma in complementary in vitro and ex vivo equine models. Primary equine chondrocytes and synoviocytes isolated from healthy horses were stimulated with interleukin...
Genetic variants of EcPV2 E6 and E7 in equine genital and oronasal squamous cell carcinoma. Since its discovery in 2008, equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) has been detected in up to 100% of equine genital and up to 40% of equine oronasal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Preliminary sequence data point to the existence of EcPV2 E6 and E7 oncogene variants compared to the British reference sequence from 2008. Objective: To Identify E6 and E7 sequence variations in EcPV2-positive tumours of horses from Continental Europe and Iceland. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: EcPV2 E6 and E7 were amplified from DNA of 60 EcPV2-positive SCCs/SCC precursor lesions. Amplicons were gel-pur...
From Diet to Disease: The Role of the Gut Microbiome and Microbial Metabolites in Horses. The equine gastrointestinal microbiome plays an essential role in digestion, energy metabolism, immune regulation, and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that microbial-derived metabolites provide a functional link between diet, the microbiome, and host physiology. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on how dietary factors, including structural carbohydrates, non-structural carbohydrates, protein, and lipids, influence microbial function and metabolite production in horses. Relevant publications available up to June 2026 were identified through s...
An experimental multiplex PCR/RT-PCR for detection of the main viruses associated with equine neurological disease. Viral neurological infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality in horses worldwide. Herein, we describe an end-point multiplex PCR/RT-PCR for simultaneous and differential detection of major equine encephalitis-related agents: rabies virus (RABV), equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), alphaviruses [Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and Madariaga virus (MADV)] and flaviviruses [West Nile virus (WNV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Rocio virus (ROCV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (...
Equine Fungal Keratitis due to Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. To describe the case details and treatment of an equine fungal keratitis case caused by Cladorrhinum bulbillosum. Methods: A 14-year-old Bashkir Curly gelding with a complicated corneal ulcer of the left eye. Methods: Corneal cytology was performed, and intraoperative samples were collected for polymerase chain reaction and for aerobic and mycologic cultures. Under general anesthesia, an inferior eyelid subpalpebral lavage system (SPL) was placed to facilitate postoperative therapy. Anterior stromal keratectomy was performed followed by cryotherapy of the keratectomy bed. A biological scaffold...
Leishmania spp. infection in horses in an endemic area of canine leishmaniosis (north-western Algeria). Leishmaniosis is a parasitic disease caused by obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus Leishmania. It affects humans, canids, and rodents in endemic areas and is transmitted through the bites of infected sand flies. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of equine leishmaniosis in horses from Tiaret Province, northwestern Algeria, an area endemic for canine leishmaniosis, and to identify the main risk factors associated with infection. The study included 75 local Barb horses and employed molecular and serological techniques for the detection of Leishmania infection. Among the sampled...
Prevalence, distribution, and associated risk factors of major equine endoparasitic infections in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Endoparasites remain major constraints on equine health and productivity in Ethiopia; however, epidemiological data from northwestern regions are limited. This study investigated the occurrence, parasite diversity, infection intensity, and risk factors associated with endoparasite infections in equines in northwestern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using coprological examinations complemented by postmortem inspections. Standard parasitological techniques were employed, and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of infection. Data were analyz...
Equine Sarcoid: From BPV-Driven Oncogenesis to Host-Sustained Tumor Persistence. Equine sarcoid is the most common cutaneous neoplasm of equids and represents a distinctive model of virus-associated tumor persistence. Although bovine papillomaviruses, particularly BPV-1 and BPV-2, are recognized as the main etiological agents, viral infection alone does not fully explain the clinical heterogeneity, frequent recurrence, and limited spontaneous regression of these lesions. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying equine sarcoid pathogenesis, with emphasis on the interaction between BPV infection, host signaling pathways, tum...
Evaluation of a commercial multiplex immunoassay for assessing uterine inflammation in mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis. Persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) is characterized by a prolonged and dysregulated uterine inflammatory response following breeding. Although inflammatory cytokines are central to the post-breeding immune response, their assessment in the equine uterus has historically relied largely on gene expression analyses. Multiplex immunoassays provide an opportunity to simultaneously quantify multiple cytokine proteins within uterine secretions; however, the application of equine-specific multiplex immunoassays utilizing the Luminex platform to low-volume uterine lavage (LVL) fluid remain...
Effects of omeprazole therapy administered via different routes on urinary parameters and selected interleukins in horses with equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) is commonly treated with proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, administered orally or by injection. In humans, omeprazole has been associated with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) and acute kidney injury (AKI), potentially linked to oxidative stress, and urinary interleukins may serve as early non-invasive markers. However, this association has not been established in horses. Objective: To evaluate the effects of oral and injectable omeprazole on basic urinary parameters and selected interleukin levels, with particular emphasis on the potential risk ...
Intratracheal Leiomyosarcoma in a 13-Year-Old German Riding Pony Mare. A 13-year-old German Riding Pony mare was referred for evaluation of progressive respiratory noise and mixed dyspnoea, which rapidly deteriorated to respiratory distress. Clinical examination revealed marked rattling inspiratory and expiratory tracheal sounds and severe, rattling, vesicular lung sounds. Arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated moderate hypoxaemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen 76 mmHg at rest). Upper airway endoscopy identified a pink, cauliflower-like pedunculated mass originating from the dorsal tracheal wall approximately 15 cm cranial to the tracheal bifurcation, cau...
Serum Osteocalcin and CTX-I in Fit-to-Race Thoroughbred Racehorses: Reference Intervals and Associations with Demographic, Training, and Lameness-Related Factors. Musculoskeletal injury remains a major welfare and performance concern in Thoroughbred racing, and biomarkers for early risk stratification are of scientific interest. This multicentre observational cohort study characterised serum concentrations of two bone turnover markers, osteocalcin/BGLAP (OC) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), in 1359 fit-to-race Thoroughbred racehorses sampled across New South Wales, Victoria, and Western Australia. Biomarker distributions, population-wide percentile ranges, demographic and training-related associations, and short-term soundness outc...
Efficiency of a Combination of Polyethylene Glycol and Psyllium on the Evacuation of Sand Compared to Established Treatment Regimes in Sand Enteropathy of the Horse. The accumulation of sand in the abdomen is a rising risk for colic in horses. Sand mainly accumulates in the ascending colon in the cranioventral abdomen. Evacuation of sand is facilitated by the application of psyllium supported with a laxative via nasogastric intubation. Laxatives currently used are either sodium sulfate/magnesium sulfate or mineral oil. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of polyethylene glycol, a laxative already used in human medicine for chronic constipation, with that of the above-described, established therapy options. Therefore, 44 horses diagnosed wit...
Whole-genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Equine Rotavirus A isolated from Jeju Island, Korea. Equine Rotavirus A (ERVA) is a major cause of acute diarrhea in neonatal foals, leading to significant economic losses. Genetic variation and global transmission complicate disease control efforts. Objective: To analyze the complete genome of an ERVA strain from Jeju Island, Korea, and assess its genetic and phylogenetic relationships with global ERVA strains. Methods: Twenty-five fecal and swab samples were collected from diarrheic horses in Jeju during spring and summer 2025. Samples were screened using antigen testing and RT-PCR. One PCR-positive, antigen-test-positive sample was selected f...
Leptomeningeal dissemination of a poorly differentiated carcinoma involving the trigeminal ganglion in a horse: a case report. Neoplastic conditions involving cranial nerves are uncommon in horses and represent a significant diagnostic challenge. Leptomeningeal dissemination is a recognized mechanism of tumor progression in aggressive neoplasms but is rarely reported in this species. A 15-year-old mixed-breed horse with a history of periocular squamous cell carcinoma treated by enucleation three years earlier developed progressive neurological signs. Initial differential diagnoses included metastatic neoplasia and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Due to rapid neurological deterioration, euthanasia and necropsy were...
Molecular Detection of Anaplasma spp. in Horses From Golestan Province, Northern Iran. Anaplasmosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that affects both humans and many animals. In horses, anaplasmosis manifests as a seasonal, infectious, and febrile disease caused by bacteria of the genus Anaplasma. Since the transmission of this disease is primarily mediated by arthropods such as ticks, it holds significant public health importance. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of anaplasmosis in horses in northern Iran (Golestan Province). Methods: A total of 350 blood samples were randomly collected from asymptomatic horses between December 2023 and April 2024...
Risk Factors for Disease in Military Working Equines. Diseases can impact Military Working Equids (MWEs) readiness and limit days in service. The objectives of this study are to categorize diseases in MWEs and evaluate potential risk factors for disease. Methods: Pathology reports from MWEs from 2005 to 2025 were retrieved from the Joint Pathology Center archives. Disease processes with ≥5 cases were evaluated for potential risk factors, including MWE breed, sex, neuter status, geographic location, and age at sampling. Results: Diagnoses included inflammation (n = 30), neoplasia/proliferation (n = 24), within normal limits (n = 12),...
Evaluation of Serum Specific IgE Sensitization Profiles in a Korean Domestic Horse Population Using a Multiplex Allergen Line-blot Assay: A Cross-Sectional Screening Study. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of a multiplex serum specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE) test kit 'ANITIA Equine IgE' for identifying the causes of allergic diseases in horses raised in Korea, and to determine the major sensitization antigen profiles in the domestic horse population. Serum or plasma samples were collected from a total of 140 horses, classified by management system (Group A, n=108) and purpose (Group B, n=32). IgE concentrations for 120 environmental and dietary allergens were measured using a multiplex line-blot assay based on an indirect immu...
Russell’s viper envenomation in a 9-month pregnant mare saved with high-dose antivenom: a first-in-world case report. Snakebite during pregnancy is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic event, with maternal and foetal outcomes closely related to the severity of envenomation. While snakebite in pregnant women has been sporadically reported and is known to be associated with significant obstetrical complications, envenomation in animals, particularly in pregnant horses, is exceedingly rare. Only a few isolated cases of snakebite in horses have been documented, and to the best of our knowledge, snakebite in a pregnant mare has not been previously reported in the medical or veterinary literature. Russell's vip...
Rethinking Equine Cystitis: Evidence from Four Atypical Clinical Presentations. In this case series, four equines were diagnosed with cystitis, resulting in divergent clinical outcomes. Three animals achieved complete clinical resolution without recurrence, whereas one required euthanasia due to progressive clinical deterioration. All diagnoses were established through a dual-modality investigative protocol comprising cystoscopic evaluation and histopathological examination of bladder mucosal biopsies. The cohort exhibited considerable etiological heterogeneity. One case was classified as chronic idiopathic cystitis, while another was attributed to an opportunistic bacter...
Equine Ulcerative Genital Lesions Associated with Parapoxvirus. In 2026, a widespread outbreak of ulcerative dermatitis of unknown aetiology occurred in breeding horses in Ireland. The lesions resembled those associated with equine herpesvirus 3 (EHV3) infection, i.e., papules, vesicles, and ulcers on the penis of stallions and on the vulval and anal areas of mares. This study aimed to identify the probable causative agent. The methods applied included metagenomic sequencing of DNA, phylogenetic analysis, and real-time PCR. Metagenomic analysis directly from a penile sample confirmed the presence of equine parapoxvirus (EqPPV) DNA. Phylogenetic analysis in...
Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Aerosol Treatment of Equine Antibiotic-Resistant Wound Infection: A Preliminary Case Series. Wound infections are common sequelae of wound treatment in horses. Secondary bacterial colonization with antimicrobial resistant microorganisms is of particular concern and is of crucial importance regarding the "One Health Concept". Due to frequent antimicrobial resistance (AMR), conventional treatments often involve determining resistance and sensitivity using time-consuming antibiograms. Infections with multi-resistant pathogens are especially challenging. This case series presents studies of four horses evaluating the efficacy of Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Aerosol (CAP-A) as a standalone trea...
Nucleic acid detection and molecular traceability of equine herpesvirus 1 in imported horses. Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 is a major pathogen threatening the global equine industry, causing respiratory disease, abortion, and neurological disease. Unassigned: In April 2024, during routine pathogen screening of a batch of imported quarantine horses from the Netherlands, four out of 20 nasal swab samples tested positive for EHV-1 nucleic acid. Unassigned: The affected horses exhibited only mild respiratory signs. ORF30 SNP typing at nucleotide position 2254 and Sanger sequencing confirmed that all positive samples belonged to the N752 non-neuropathogenic genotype. As virus isolation was unsu...
