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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Bronchoalveolar lavage changes the ultrasonographic and radiographic appearances of lungs in adult horses. To describe the effect of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) on the ultrasonographic and radiographic appearances of lungs of horses being evaluated for equine asthma syndrome (EAS). Unassigned: Prospective observational study enrolling 32 adult horses evaluated for EAS. Ultrasonographic and radiographic examinations of the thorax were performed before and within 3 hours following BAL and scored using previously validated systems. The differences in scores between groups (normal, mild EAS, moderate/severe EAS) were evaluated through the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the differences in scores before and f...
Evaluation of Circadian Variations of Central Corneal Thickness and Its Correlation With Intraocular Pressures in Healthy Horses. Circadian variations in central corneal thickness (CCT) and their correlation with intraocular pressure (IOP) have not been reported in horses. This information may be clinically relevant when interpreting IOP readings. Methods: Twenty-four eyes of 6 healthy adult gelded males and 6 healthy adult intact mares were evaluated. Rebound tonometry (TonoVet, Jorgensen Laboratories) followed by ultrasonic pachymetry (iPac Pachymeter, Reichert technologies) was performed in both eyes every 3 h over 24 h during the natural 14-h daylight summer photoperiod. Results: Central corneal thickness varied ...
Comparison of Two Different Finite Element Modeling Pipelines for Virtual Mechanical Testing of The Distal Third Metacarpal Bone In Thoroughbred Racehorses. Condylar stress fracture of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) in Thoroughbred racehorses is a common catastrophic injury and identification of horses at heightened risk remains subjective. Standing computed tomography (sCT) is a practical screening tool that enables patient-specific finite element analysis (FEA) of the distal MC3 and prediction of subchondral bone strain, as a potential objective classifier of racehorses at heightened risk. The goal of this study was to compare two independently developed sCT-based subject-specific FEA pipelines for virtual mechanical testing of the distal MC3. ...
Myofascial trigger points as a primary cause of equine lameness: a biomechanical, neurophysiological, and fascial review. Equine lameness diagnosis is dominated by a joint- and tendon-centric paradigm. The standard diagnostic algorithm relies on gait observation, perineural and intrasynovial anesthesia, and cross-sectional imaging. It is directed almost exclusively at skeletal and articular structures. Myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) are hypersensitive, hyperirritable loci within taut bands of skeletal muscle. They produce local and referred pain on compression or contraction. In horses, MTrPs are a clinically relevant but systematically overlooked source of primary lameness. This review synthesises evidence fr...
Use of strain and shear wave elastography in the ultrasonographic evaluation of the intermediate patellar ligament in horses: comparison and consistency of data. The clinical significance and ultrasonographic features of intermediate patellar ligament (IPL) desmopathy in horses are still debated and considered nonspecific. Elastosonography allows assessment of tissue elasticity in response to an external stimulus. The aim of the study was to describe the elastosonographic characteristics of the equine IPL, evaluate the feasibility of both strain (SE) and two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE), and assess the consistency of the data obtained from these techniques. 20 adult horses of mixed breed, sex and athletic use were selected and allocated...
Growth kinetics of Taylorella equigenitalis and its survival in straw-based bedding. Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, is a fastidious bacterium with limited tolerance to extra-host conditions; however, quantitative data on its growth dynamics and survival outside the host remain scarce. This study evaluated the growth of T. equigenitalis under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions in liquid medium and its survival in wet and dry straw-based bedding under controlled laboratory conditions.Growth was assessed at 20 °C and 37 °C using real-time optical density monitoring and viable cell counts. No proliferation was observed at 20 ...
Effects of acupuncture on stride, speed, and heart rate variability in Thoroughbred racehorses. Thoroughbred racehorses are at increased risk of injury during race preparations and trials, primarily due to intensive workloads that predispose them to musculoskeletal injuries. Evaluating clinical interventions to improve health and prevent injury is essential for addressing animal welfare concerns. This study investigated the medium-term effects of acupuncture on stride, speed and cardiac autonomic regulation (assessed via heart rate variability [HRV]), in Thoroughbred flat racehorses. This prospective, randomised, parallel-group study included an intervention and a control group. Thirty T...
Verminous mastitis caused by Cephalobus cubaensis infection in a mare. A 7-y-old American Quarter Horse mare was presented to a veterinary hospital for ongoing reproductive monitoring and management of endometritis. During physical evaluation, several nodular lesions of unknown origin and duration were discovered in the mammae. Histologically, biopsies from the lesions were confirmed as severe granulomatous mastitis with intralesional rhabditid nematodes. A putative diagnosis of or infection was assigned, and ivermectin (1.2 mg/kg PO) treatment was given every 2 wk. When lesions persisted after the initial dose of ivermectin, PCR testing of and gene targe...
Venous blood lactate concentration as a predictor of intestinal viability in horses with acquired indirect inguinal hernia. Background: Acquired indirect inguinal hernia represents a life-threatening emergency. Therapeutic decision-making largely depends on intestinal viability, for which specific predictive parameters (such as venous lactate) have not been evaluated.Objectives: Investigating the predictive performance of venous blood lactate and other laboratory results on intestinal viability in horses with acquired indirect inguinal hernias.Study designRetrospective multicentre observational study.Methods: Seventy-four horses diagnosed with acquired indirect inguinal hernia (treated surgically) at two referral h...
Functional and feasibility aspects of orthopedic exoprostheses in quadruped domestic animals: a systematic review. The use of prostheses in animals with partial limb amputation has emerged as an alternative to euthanasia, aiming to improve their quality of life. However, the fabrication and adaptation remain challenging in Veterinary Medicine. This study aims to evaluate, through a systematic review, the determinants of viability, outcomes, and limitations of exoprostheses in domestic animals of varying sizes. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using structure search terms related to prosthesis, veterinary, amputation. After screening and ...
Establishment and evaluation of hematological and serum biochemical reference intervals in Chinese local donkey populations. Background: Reliable interpretation of hematological and serum biochemical test results in donkeys benefits from the use of population- and management-system-adapted reference intervals (RIs). However, standardized and CLSI-compliant RIs for Chinese local donkeys are still unavailable, limiting their clinical and epidemiological application. This study aimed to establish hematological and serum biochemical RIs for Chinese local donkeys using a large, multi-farm dataset, and to evaluate the effects of farm origin, age, and sex on these parameters. Blood samples were collected from healthy donke...
Risk assessment of West Nile fever in equines in Europe based on an ecological niche model. West Nile fever is a zoonotic viral disease transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, capable of causing severe neurological illness in humans, equines, and birds. Over the past dozen years, Europe has experienced numerous WNF outbreaks of varying severity, leading to significant public health and economic impacts. Consequently, WNF has emerged as a major concern for both public health and veterinary sectors. In this study, we employed spatiotemporal analysis techniques alongside an optimized ecological niche model to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of historical WNF outbreaks, pre...
Conventional IVF in the horse past, present, and future: physiological and technical insights. For decades, conventional in vitro fertilization (IVF) in the horse was ineffective, leading to reliance on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for both research and clinical in vitro embryo production. However, the ability to achieve IVF is essential to the study of key reproductive processes, including sperm capacitation, fertilization, and early embryonic development. Recently we have established a repeatable and efficient IVF system for horses, using long-term (9-22 h) sperm pre-incubation. For clinical use, IVF has many features that may support higher embryo quality than does ICSI, a...
The effect of dynamic mobilization exercises and therapeutic trunk exercises on superficial epaxial and hypaxial muscle activity in horses. Equine back rehabilitation commonly integrates dynamic mobilization exercises (DME), including DME to the chest (DMEChest) and DME to the hip (DMEHip), and therapeutic trunk (TTE) exercises, including pelvic rounding (Rounding), and lateral tail pulls (LatTail). However, limited evidence supports their use for selectively activating trunk muscles. Objective: To quantify and compare superficial epaxial and hypaxial muscle activity during selected DMEs and TTEs using surface electromyography (sEMG). Increased muscle activity was hypothesized across exercises, specifically in external abdominal o...
Short-Term Daily Oral Administration of Cannabidiol Does Not Impact Rebound Tonometry Intraocular Pressure or Schirmer Tear Test Values in Healthy Adult Horses. To assess the effect of orally administered cannabidiol (CBD) on TonoVet measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and Schirmer tear test I (STT) in horses. Methods: Horse. Methods: This was a masked, randomized, balanced cross-over study of six healthy adult horses. Horses were randomly assigned and received 3 mg/kg CBD in sesame oil or volume matched placebo by mouth once daily for three days. Baseline and daily 4-, 12-, and 24-h post treatment IOPs were measured in triplicate without sedation or eyelid akinesia. Baseline and 24-h post final (day 3) treatment STTs were measured without sedation ...
Alkaline-Promoted Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Polo Horse Manure for Biocrude Production. Horse manure (collected as pure feces) is a high-moisture, nutrient-dense organic waste stream with potential for valorization via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, catalyst selection is often reported without direct catalyst-class comparisons under identical conditions. In this study, manure collected in Thailand was characterized and converted via noncatalytic and catalytic HTL in a batch reactor at 300 °C for 40 min (feedstock/water = 1:10, w/w; heating rate 10 °C min). Four catalysts (KOH, NaOH, HPO, NH·HO) were evaluated at 10 and 20 wt % (dry feed basis), with biocrude recover...
Pharmacokinetics of Diclazuril in the Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Healthy Adult Horses After a Single Oral Dose Administered as a Pelleted Topdressing. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis can cause acute infections with rapid onset of neurologic signs, necessitating immediate empiric therapy with antiprotozoal medication. The objective of the study was to identify when concentrations of diclazuril reached the MIC of Sarcocystis neurona in CSF (1 ng/mL) of healthy adult horses after a single oral dose. Six healthy adult horses were used. Blood and CSF were collected from indwelling intravenous jugular catheters and intrathecal catheters in the lumbosacral space prior to drug administration and then at 1-, 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-,...
LC-HRMS detection of three ionizable lipids in equine plasma: surrogate markers for long-term LNP-mediated gene-doping surveillance. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are essential delivery vehicles for messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based therapies. However, their potential misuse as gene-doping agents in horse racing and equestrian sports necessitates robust analytical surveillance. This study presents a highly sensitive, Orbitrap technology-driven liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for the simultaneous detection of three clinically relevant ionizable lipids: ALC-0315, SM-102, and DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3), which are critical components of approved RNA therapeutics and vaccines. Following a modi...
Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabidiol (CBD) in Connemara ponies following 21 days of treatment. Cannabidiol (CBD) has gained interest in equine medicine due to its potential therapeutic effects. Preclinical studies suggest that CBD may influence metabolic pathways relevant to metabolic syndrome, which present in both human and equine populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral CBD on metabolic parameters in Connemara ponies and to characterize its pharmacokinetics. Unassigned: A total of 13 Connemara ponies [seven with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)] were stratified by EMS status and age and randomly assigned to a CBD-treated group (2 mg/kg orally, twice dai...
Eastern equine encephalitis-104 horses (1979-2017). Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a highly fatal neurologic disease of horses, but data describing clinical presentation, epidemiology, and prognostic factors are limited. Objective: Describe the clinicopathologic and epidemiologic features of horses with EEE and identify factors associated with survival. Methods: One hundred four horses diagnosed with EEE presented with signs of diffuse brain disease. Methods: Retrospective case series of horses evaluated at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital (1979-2017). Medical records were reviewed for clinical findings, diagnostic results, and outcomes. Lo...
Structural Features of the Equine Small Intestinal Mesenteric Attachment Predisposing to Rupture. Rupture of equine small intestine with formation of a pouch of ingesta within the mesentery has been reported in clinical colic cases. Multiple ex-vivo studies using anastomosed jejunum observed rupture into the mesentery, distant to the anastomosis. Both scenarios suggest the jejunum is predisposed to rupture at the mesenteric attachment. The aim of the study is to 1) document the location at which equine jejunal segments rupture when subjected to high intraluminal pressures, 2) identify predisposing anatomical features that may confer weakness at the point of rupture and 3) demonstrate jejun...
Novel imaging protocol enables myelography of the cervical vertebral column using computed tomography with flexion and extension comparable to x-ray. Radiographic myelography is the traditional diagnostic method for detecting cervical spinal cord compression in horses but it is limited by superimposition and restriction to sagittal plane imaging. Computed tomography (CT) and CT myelography overcome many of these limitations yet previous CT protocols have not allowed dynamic imaging in flexion and extension comparable to radiographs. Objective: To describe and evaluate a novel CT myelography protocol that enables imaging of the equine cervical vertebral column (C to C/T) in flexion, neutral, and extension, and to compare intervertebral angle...
Immunization of Foals with Equine Rotavirus A Vaccine Can Stabilize or Increase Rotavirus-Specific Neutralizing Antibody Titers. Despite a monovalent G3P[12] ('G3') vaccine being available for horses, equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is still the predominant infectious pathogen causing diarrhea in foals in the United States of America (U.S.). Previous research has shown that maternal neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers are too high and will interfere with the vaccination of foals at 30 and 45 days of age. We aimed to determine if it is possible to increase NAb titers in foals through vaccination before they are vulnerable to ERVA infection. We immunized two foals with the commercially available vaccine (G3) at solely three mont...
Unraveling the genomic architecture of hock conformation defects in Pura Raza Española horses. Conformational traits define a horse's shape and morphology, heavily influencing its functionality, sport performance, health, and appearance, making conformation a critical selection criterion in horse breeding. However, the genomic basis of conformational defects, specifically those affecting the hock, remains largely unexplored. This research aimed to identify the genomic regions associated with hock defects using a large cohort of Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses. A total of 58,930 horses were evaluated for hock angle, with 4,122 genotyped on high or medium density arrays. For this purpose...
Size of the C7-T1 articular processes is overestimated on lateral radiographs when compared to standing cone beam computed tomography. Radiography of the caudal cervical vertebral column is commonly performed in horses, but image distortion may occur due to factors such as scapular superimposition, divergent beam, and the distance between anatomy and detector. These variables can falsely suggest enlargement of the articular processes (APs) at the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae (C7-T1). Objective: To assess the presence of magnification of C7-T1 APs as determined by AP:vertebral body (VB) height ratio on lateral radiographs compared to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a gold standard, and to explore inter...
Exposure in Horses to Human Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever Agent Borrelia persica, Israel, 2025. Human tick-borne relapsing fever caused by Borrelia persica is common in western Asia. A survey of 301 horses in Israel revealed 9.96% seropositivity toward B. persica antigens; 1 horse (0.33%) was also PCR positive for B. persica DNA. Phylogenetic analysis supported a transmission cycle involving ticks, humans, and horses.
Clinical audit on antimicrobial stewardship effectiveness in reducing antimicrobial-resistant bacterial colonisation in hospitalised horses. International guidelines support the One Health approach and recommend antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) in veterinary medicine. National data on antimicrobial-resistant bacterial colonisation rates (AMRb CR) in horses remain limited. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of an ASP in reducing AMRb CR in a Veterinary Teaching Hospital using a clinical audit. Methods: Clinical audit. Methods: In Autumn 2021 active AMR surveillance in Perinatology/Reproduction and Internal Medicine Units planned; January-July 2022-first audit cycle (A1); Autumn 2022-review and implementation of anti...
A synergistic dual-endopeptidase platform for high-yield, homogeneous F(ab’)2 production from polyclonal equine immunoglobulins for therapeutic applications. Therapeutic F(ab') fragments derived from polyclonal equine antisera remain essential emergency biologics for addressing snake envenomation, tetanus, and viral infections. Traditional production methods rely on pepsin digestion, which is limited by non-specific proteolysis, harsh acidic conditions (pH 2.0-4.0), risk of contamination from animal sources, and significant batch variability, often complicating downstream preparative separations. In this study, we introduce a synergistic dual-endopeptidase platform that integrates hinge-specific biocatalysis with affinity chromatography to facilit...
High frequency and high genetic diversity of Pneumocystis sp. in foals. Twenty-two foals, aged one to seven months, which died from interstitial pneumonia (15 foals) or unrelated illnesses and injuries (7 foals), were enrolled in this study. Sampling of the lungs was performed post-mortem for a total of 52 specimens. Pneumocystis was detected in 21/22 foals (48/52 specimens) using a PCR assay targeting the gene encoding the small subunit of the mitochondrial rRNA (mtSSUrRNA) of the horse-related Pneumocystis (Pneumocystis sp. 'Equus ferus caballus'). The sequencing of the PCR products was successful in 34/48 specimens. The sequences were identical to the horse-rel...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in equine ageing: Current evidence and clinical implications for geroscience. Ageing is a complex biological process affecting a growing geriatric human and equine population worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered one of the hallmarks of ageing, representing a multifaceted process. This review synthesises current findings on mitochondrial dysfunction in aged equines, drawing parallels with human medicine and identifying current knowledge gaps. Integrating findings from human and equine research may bridge existing challenges and offer new opportunities, including the development of novel translational models for ageing research. Furthermore, it highlights th...
