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A Retrospective Analysis of Liberal Fluid Therapy and Total Protein Changes in 124 Horses Undergoing Colic Surgery. Perioperative fluid therapy in horses undergoing colic surgery should be individualised to avoid complications associated with both hypo- and hypervolaemia. This retrospective study evaluated the haemodynamic effects of a liberal perioperative fluid therapy approach, focusing on total plasma protein (TPP) changes. Medical records of 124 horses undergoing colic surgery between March 2018 and June 2020 were reviewed. Packed cell volume (PCV) and TPP were assessed preoperatively, after surgery, on postoperative days (POD) 2, 5 and 7, and at long-term follow-up. Horses were stratified according to...
Race-related fatalities in U.S. jump racing, 2023-2025: incidence and documentation across public reporting sources. Fatality reporting in National Steeplechase Association (NSA)-sanctioned U.S. jump racing is distributed across several public sources, and no single source consistently links the race incident with the final clinical outcome. Objective: To identify and verify race-related fatalities associated with NSA-sanctioned jump-racing starts, compare documentation across public sources, and estimate minimum confirmed fatality incidence. Methods: The study population included official starters in completed NSA-sanctioned hurdle/fence and timber races during 2023-2025. Potential fatalities reported by Ho...
Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Findings of 114 Horses with Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis. Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) is an inflammatory eye disease of horses with an unknown cause and suspected immune-mediated pathogenesis. This single-center retrospective case series included 114 horses (163 affected eyes) examined at a German equine referral hospital from January 2012 to December 2020. Of these horses, 71 (62.3%) were Warmbloods, 77 (67.5%) were presented from July to September, and 49 (43.0%) had bilateral disease. The cornea was involved in 139 of 163 eyes (85.3%). During the study period, 114 EKC cases occurred among 5742 ophthalmology cases (2.0%), with an increa...
Biomarkers of brain injury in foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome. Plasma concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial-fibrillary-acidic protein (GFAP), and astrocytic protein S100B, might be linked to the pathophysiology of Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS). Objective: To measure serum concentration of BDNF and S100B, plasma concentration of GFAP, and neurosteroids (progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone) in foals with NMS, foals presented for other diseases, including premature, and healthy foals, and determine their association with outcome. Methods: Fourteen healthy foals, 19 NMS foals, 39 foals hospitalized for other diseases ...
Serum osteocalcin is associated with scintigraphic abnormalities in lame and clinically sound racehorses. Musculoskeletal injury is a major welfare and economic challenge in racehorses, with stress-related bone injury contributing to training interruption and catastrophic failure. Advanced imaging modalities can detect early skeletal pathology but remain limited in routine screening environments. Circulating biomarkers of bone turnover may provide complementary indicators of skeletal remodelling but require validation against objective imaging findings. Objective: Evaluate whether osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), or the CTX/OC ratio, are associated with scintig...
Association of submaximal exercise test variables with diagnosis of asthma in a mixed-breed cohort of leisure horses. Submaximal exercise tests (SET) are used to assess respiratory health in various contexts. The diagnostic value of SETs for the assessment of asthma in the field remains uncertain. Objective: A SET helps distinguish healthy horses and asthma phenotypes. Methods: Twenty-six privately owned mixed-breed leisure horses of a clinical cohort. Horses were healthy (8) or diagnosed with mild (miEA) (4), moderate (modEA) (7), or severe asthma (sEA) (7) according to history, clinical examination, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology. Methods: Cross-sectional study using clinical data and samp...
Comparison of blind end closure techniques in equine ileum. To determine the difference in bursting pressure (BP), bursting wall tension (BWT), and closure speed between commonly utilized methods of ileal stump closure. Methods: Randomized experimental study. Methods: A total of 71 ileal segments from 18 healthy horses. Methods: Ileum was collected postmortem from 18 horses and divided into four segments. One end of each segment was closed using one of three techniques: Parker-Kerr (PK), gastrointestinal staples (ST), or gastrointestinal staples with a Lembert staple oversew (SO). Closure time was recorded. Control (C) segments were not altered. Segmen...
Distal limb wraps produce gait- and material-dependent post-exercise changes in stride timing and limb kinematics in horses. Distal limb wraps are widely used during equine exercise, but their effects on post-exercise kinematics and movement symmetry remain poorly defined. Objective: To determine whether elastic and fleece distal limb wraps alter temporal stride variables, distal limb kinematics, and axial movement symmetry after standardised round-pen exercise. Methods: Six adult horses completed a prospective crossover study with three conditions: no wraps, elastic wraps, and fleece wraps. Wraps were applied bilaterally to all distal limbs at an initial pressure of 20 mmHg. After 20 minutes of free round-pen exerc...
Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation of Morphometric and Dynamic Traits in Mangalarga Horses. Genetic evaluation of morphometric and locomotor traits supports objective selection, avoiding exclusive reliance on subjective methods that may fixate breed traits over functionality or cause undesirable indirect selection. Objective: To evaluate genetic and phenotypic parameters for morphometric and dynamic traits in horses of the Mangalarga breed. Methods: The pedigree included 212,361 animals born between 1919 and 2019. Phenotypic subsets for morphometric and dynamic traits comprised 54,617 and 45,010 horses, respectively, born between 1977 and 2019. Variance components were estimated usin...
Mare endometrosis induces endometrial proteome changes. Endometrosis, characterized by excessive endometrial fibrosis, is a major reproductive disorder that impairs fertility and remains a significant challenge in equine breeding. The molecular mechanisms underlying equine endometrosis are not fully understood. This study investigated endometrial proteomic changes induced by endometrosis to identify the biological processes (BP) and pathways involved. Cyclic mares' endometrial biopsies were categorized as category IIA (n = 5) or category IIB (n = 5), according to Kenney and Doig's classification. LC-MS/MS assessed the endometrial proteome, ...
Diagnostic Performance of Digital Tomosynthesis for Detecting Osteophytes and Subchondral Bone Changes in the Equine Distal Interphalangeal and Metacarpophalangeal Joints. Osteoarthritis is a common cause of equine lameness and can involve periarticular osteophytes and subchondral bone (SB) changes. This exploratory ex vivo study evaluated the diagnostic performance of digital tomosynthesis (DT) for detecting these findings in the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints, using computed tomography (CT) classifications as the reference. Sixteen distal forelimbs from nine adult horses underwent imaging with both modalities under simulated weight-bearing conditions. Three independent observers graded osteophytes and SB changes, and the scores were dich...
Use of clinical findings to distinguish between intestinal lymphoma or inflammatory bowel disease in horses. Identifying clinical findings that are distinct between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and intestinal lymphoma could be helpful for providing preliminary guidance for clients regarding their horse's prognosis while awaiting histopathologic results. Objective: To describe and compare the clinical findings of horses with a final histopathologic diagnosis of IBD vs intestinal lymphoma. Methods: Forty-six adult (≥1-year-old) horses with a final histopathologic diagnosis of IBD or intestinal lymphoma on endoscopic duodenal biopsy, surgical biopsy, or necropsy. Methods: Retrospective single-cent...
Myocardial dysfunction associated with low-dose endotoxin administration in adult horses. Horses with endotoxemia have variable myocardial function, but little is known about the severity or persistence of myocardial dysfunction (MD). Objective: Horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia have systolic and diastolic MD. Methods: Twelve systemically healthy horses. Methods: Horses were given Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide 30 ng/kg over 60 min. Echocardiography and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) measurements were performed at baseline, 1, 3, and 5 h post-endotoxin. Fluid therapy (10 L), polymyxin B (6000 IU/kg), and flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg) were administered intravenou...
Multitechnique Physicochemical Characterization of Horse Hoof Trimmings as Sustainable and Untapped Keratin Source. In the keratin-rich biomass scenario, horse hoof trimmings play a marginal role due to the limited volume and the scarce background on material features, despite added values such as cruelty-free, localized and routine production and traceability. This work presents a multitechnique characterization of horse hooves, including physicochemical, structural, thermal, and compositional analysis, providing a solid background knowledge of material features, mandatory for upcycling strategy definition. FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, SEM-EDX, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemen...
Behavioral changes in thoroughbred horses following pre-training: insights from novel object tests and activity monitoring under field conditions. Racehorse training starts with pre-training, which is conducted at a very early age and remains controversial from an animal welfare perspective. This study investigated how a 12-week pre-training program influenced the behavior of young Thoroughbred horses. Horses were assessed before (A) and after (B) pre-training, which progressed from habituation and handling to ridden exercise and canter work on a racetrack. Behavioral responses were evaluated using standardized novel object tests and continuous 24-h stall monitoring via inertial measurement unit sensors. Novel object test behavior was vi...
Alterations in the gut resistomes of endangered wild equids associated with anthropogenic activities: Insights for One Health surveillance. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants, but how human-associated management practices are associated with mobile resistomes in endangered wildlife remains poorly resolved. Here, we used fecal metagenomics to compare Przewalski's horses, Mongolian khulans, and domestic horses from Xinjiang, China, including Przewalski's horses from a protected area and a captive-breeding setting under human management. Across 47 fecal metagenomes, we identified 380 ARG subtypes, 23 metal resistance gene (MRG) types, and 26 mobile genetic element (MGE) subtypes. Przewalski's h...
Seroprevalence and associated epidemiological drivers of glanders in horses: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2002-2026). Glanders (malleus), a highly contagious zoonotic disease caused by Burkholderia mallei, remains an important transboundary disease of equids despite extensive control efforts in many countries. However, its epidemiological patterns and associated drivers have not been comprehensively synthesized. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of glanders in horses and identify key epidemiological drivers based on studies published up to April 27, 2026. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, ProQu...
Evaluation of a lateral flow immunoassay for the quantitative measurement of immunoglobulin G in foals compared with radial immunodiffusion. Reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests are essential for diagnosing failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in foals. Quantitative lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) could reduce subjectivity but have not been well validated in foals. Objective: To validate the performance and diagnostic accuracy of a LFIA for quantifying immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in foals, using radial immunodiffusion (RID) as the reference standard. Methods: Forty-two neonatal foals were sampled within 24 h of birth. Methods: This prospective exploratory diagnostic accuracy study evaluated the diagnostic ...
Prolyl-Hydroxyproline Promotes Structural Matrix Organization in 3D Equine Tendon Proper and Peritenon Post-Injury Model. Tendinopathy of the superficial digital flexor tendon affects horse health and performance, with slow healing and high re-injury rates due to the formation of mechanically weaker scar tissue. Tendons are rich in Type I collagen and may benefit from supplementation with collagen-derived dipeptide prolyl hydroxyproline (H-Pro-Hyp-OH) which improves collagen regeneration and reduces scarring in murine injury models. However, its effects on equine tenocytes in the tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) under stress are unknown. Three-dimensional fibrin-based TP and PERI constructs were used to ev...
Residual contamination in nebulization medication cups after corticosteroid administration: an in vitro assessment with implications for equine doping control. Nebulization is increasingly used to administer respiratory medications in horses. However, the potential for residual contamination in medication cups after administering regulated substances raises concerns about inadvertent doping. Objective: To evaluate whether medication cups used for nebulization of corticosteroids can subsequently be used for administration of non-regulated substances without detectable carryover. Methods: In vitro experimental study. Methods: Three corticosteroids (budesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone propionate) were nebulized using Flexineb™ medication cups. Foll...
Oxidative stress markers in different age ranges of healthy horses. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants, impairing cellular functions and contributing to diseases and aging. Despite the growing interest in oxidative stress, studies specifically evaluating the influence of age on laboratory and oxidative stress parameters in clinically healthy horses remain limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of age on laboratory and oxidative stress parameters in clinically healthy horses. A total of 152 clinically healthy horses (80 females and 72 males) were selected, including young horses aged 3 to 48 months (...
Effects of Repeated Monopolar Pulsed Capacitive Radiofrequency Energy Treatments on Mechanical Nociceptive Thresholds and Skin Temperature in Show-Jumping Horses with Thoracolumbar Pain. This study evaluated the effects of repeated monopolar Capacitive Resistive Electrical Transfer (CRET) therapy on mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) and skin surface temperature in horses with perceived chronic thoracolumbar pain. Fifteen show-jumping horses were enrolled in a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Ten horses received treatment, and five underwent a sham procedure. Five treatment sessions were performed at 72 h intervals using a monopolar capacitive radiofrequency device operating at 500 kHz. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNT) were assessed before treatment, afte...
Millimeter‑segmental analysis of individual equine mane hairs by LC/HRMS for revealing chronological drug distribution in anti‑doping investigations. Millimeter‑segmental analysis offers substantially improved temporal resolution over conventional bulk hair testing, yet no validated workflow has been established for equine mane hair. This proof‑of‑concept study presents the first liquid chromatography/high‑resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS)‑based millimeter‑segmental workflow optimized for equine anti‑doping investigations. Mane hairs collected up to six months after a single 50‑mg oral administration of osilodrostat were cut into 2‑mm segments, extracted under standard conditions, and quantified using a fully-validate...
Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases in Donkeys. Donkeys have a plethora of species-specific metabolic traits that make them predisposed to endocrinopathies and metabolic disturbances. Due to their ability to digest poor-quality feedstuff and accumulate adipose tissue, donkeys are prone to obesity. Insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis are also prevalent in donkeys. Their efficiency to mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands increases the predisposition to dyslipidemias. There are major endocrine differences between horses and donkeys, with different prot...
Return to riding after open reduction internal fixation of acute clavicle fractures in professional horse jockeys. High-velocity, traumatic fracture of the clavicle is one of the most common injuries suffered by professional horse jockeys. Operative fixation represents the mainstay of treatment in this cohort. Despite this, there remains a paucity of evidence to guide post-operative recovery and time to return to riding. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to establish the safety and efficacy of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of acute clavicle fractures in professional horse jockeys. Methods: A prospectively maintained database was used to retrospectively identify professional horse jock...
Factors influencing veterinary student interest in equine practice in the United States: A focus group study. The number of new veterinary graduates entering equine practice in the United States continues to decline, and more than half leave the field within 5 years. Understanding the perspectives of veterinary students is critical for developing interventions that promote retention and long-term career satisfaction in equine medicine. Objective: To explore what factors influence veterinary student interest in and commitment to equine practice using the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory as a guiding framework. Methods: Qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured student focus groups. Me...
Warmed intravenous fluid administration attenuated a reduction in body temperature in anaesthetised horses. Peri-anaesthetic hypothermia is a well-documented complication of general anaesthesia and is associated with prolonged recovery, impaired wound healing, and delayed coagulation. Fluid warmers can be used to mitigate heat loss, but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness in equine anaesthesia. Objective: To determine whether administration of warmed intravenous fluids attenuates heat loss during general anaesthesia in horses. Methods: Prospective, randomised, crossover in vivo experiment. Methods: Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised twice and administered intravenous flu...
Significant changes occur in the ultrasonographic appearance of the lungs in horses following exploratory celiotomy. General anesthesia for short periods of time in healthy horses for elective procedures produces minimal ultrasonographic changes in the lungs, but the effect of general anesthesia for exploratory celiotomy in horses has not previously been investigated. The objective of this study was to identify the degree of ultrasonographic changes in the lungs of horses following exploratory celiotomy and to identify risk factors that could increase the magnitude of change. 63 horses ≥ 2 years of age undergoing exploratory celiotomy were initially enrolled in a prospective observational study. Signalme...
[Determination of 33 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug residues in horse urine by QuEChERS-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs （NSAIDs） are often used to treat horses' injuries and pain due to long-term training and competitions. In equestrian competitions， NSAIDs do not affect the upper limit of a horse's athletic ability， but they can enable the horse to perform close to its maximum capacity by reducing inflammation and pain. This not only affects the competition results， but also fails to ensure the health and welfare of the horses. Therefore， it has become crucial to effectively monitor and control NSAIDs residues during equestrian competition. In this study， a r...
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